弗洛伊德、萨特与拉康——三种精神分析学说关系初探

Freud, Sartre and Lacan——An Initial Exploration of the Relationship Between Three Psychoanalytic Theories

弗洛伊德、萨特与拉康三人的精神分析学说,可被视为代表了精神分析思想发展的三个关键环节。弗洛伊德创立的经典精神分析,以对无意识的重新发现以及对性欲的重新界定为基础,奠定了理解人的精神活动以及身心关系的一种新视角。萨特倡导的存在精神分析,通过强调体现人的存在的自由选择及其处境,由此拓展了精神分析的研究面向。拉康开展的结构精神分析,则在将结构主义范式引入经典精神分析框架的同时,积极吸收存在精神分析的成果并对其进行创造性转化,最终通过对无意识结构下的欲望主体及其“言在”的揭示,在某种程度上实现了从存在与结构两个向度对精神分析思想的深度整合,也将精神分析的发展推向了一个新的理论高度。

the development of psychoanalytic thought. The classic psychoanalysis founded by Freud, based on the rediscovery of the unconscious and the redefinition of sexual desire, gives a new perspective on human mental activities and mind-body relationship. The existential psychoanalysis advocated by Sartre expands the research aspect of psychoanalysis by emphasizing the free choice and its situation which embody human existence. Lacan’s structural psychoanalysis introduces the structuralist paradigm into the framework of classical psychoanalysis, while actively absorbing and creatively transforming the contributions of existential psychoanalysis, through his revelation of the unconscious structure of the subject of desire and itsparlêtre, finally realizes to a certain extent an deep integration of psychoanalytic thought from the two dimensions of existence and structure, and also pushes the development of psychoanalysis to a new theoretical level.