丝绸之路医书中“诃罗诃罗毒”的文化源流

On the Cultural Origins and Developments of the“Halāhala Poison”in Medical Books along the Silk Road

毒药与解毒学知识传播是中古时期丝绸之路的医学交流现象之一。以丝路医书中的一种名为“诃罗诃罗”的毒药为中心,利用敦煌出土的梵语于阗语双语医学写本《耆婆书》、汉译佛经、印度的梵语生命吠陀医籍、史诗《摩诃婆罗多》等相关文献以及西藏传世医学经典与西亚本草著作等典籍,可以梳理出该毒药的文化源流,明晰其产生之神话及其在毒物学知识语境中的位置。此外,通过分析“诃罗诃罗”毒的实际使用及其所依附的图像呈现,可以进一步阐释丝绸之路解毒学知识的衍生、流传与改变的复杂过程,揭示不同人群在药物学知识交流方面的多种面相,从更广阔的亚洲视野,为深化丝绸之路医学文化交流史研究提供一个新的例证。

Poisons and antidotes knowledge constitute one aspect of medical exchanges along the Silk Road during the mediaeval period.Making use of Jīvaka-pustaka,the Sanskrit-Khotanese bilingual medical manuscript found in Dunhuang,Buddhist texts in Chinese translation,the Indian Ayurvedic books in Sanskrit,the Epic Mahābhārata,together with the Tibetan medical texts and Materia medica from the Western Asia,this paper focuses on a kind of poison called“Halāhala”within the medical books along the Silk Road,examining and elucidating its cultural origins and developments,mythological sources,toxicological context,practical use as well as the images in which it is embodied.The research is aimed at a further interpretation of how antidotes knowledge was derived,transmitted and changed,and thus unveiling various faces of different groups of people presented in the intellectual exchanges of pharmacology.From a broader perspective of Asia,a new instance is hereby proposed in the historical research of the medical cultural interactions along the Silk Road.