某市汽车制造业粉尘职业接触调查与健康风险评价

Investigation on occupational hazards and health risk assessment of dust in automobile manufacturing industry of a City

目的 调查2019-2020年某市汽车制造业粉尘职业危害因素现况,并采用3种方法进行职业健康风险评估,探讨其适用性,提出防护措施建议。方法 对存在粉尘的52家汽车企业开展现场监测,分别应用GBZ/T 298-2017中半定量比值法、国际采矿与金属委员会定量职业健康风险评估法(ICMM定量法)和美国环境保护署(US EPA)健康风险评估模型进行评估。结果 矽尘超标率为总尘33.3%,呼尘18.8%,电焊烟尘超标率较低,为7.7%。半定量比值法评估,矽尘岗位存在3-5级中到极高风险,电焊烟尘岗位存在2-4级低到高风险。ICMM定量法结果显示矽尘岗位均为5级不可容忍风险,电焊烟尘为2-3级潜在到高风险。EPA模型评价结果风险较低,存潜在危害。结论 某市汽车制造业矽尘危害风险较高。从行业风险宏观评价看,半定量比值法简便易操作,风险层次合理;ICMM定量法概念定义较宽泛,易出现风险高估;EPA评价模型粉尘相关危害物质参数缺乏,影响评价准确性。

Objective To investigate the current situation of the occupational hazards of dust in the automobile manufacturing industry in a City from 2019 to 2020.To assess the occupational health risk for workers and the applicability of risk assessment methods, putting forward protective measures. Methods On-site monitoring was carried out in 52 automobile companies that were determined to have dust hazards, and occupational health risk assessments were assessed by using the middle half of GBZ/T 298-2017“Technical Guidelines for Occupational Health Risk Assessment of Chemical Hazardous Factors in the Workplace”,International Committee on Mining and Metals Quantitative Occupational Health Risk Assessment Method(ICMM Quantitative Method)and US Environmental Protection Agency(US EPA)Health Risk Assessment Model, respectively. Results The excess rate of silica dust was 33.3% for total dust, 18.8% for breathed dust, whereas for welding fume, it was relatively lower(7.7%). According to the assessment of quantitative exposure ratio method, moderate to extremely high risk(level 3-5)was fuond in silica dust hazard positions, and low to high risk(level 2-4)was found in welding fume positions. The results of ICMM quantitative method showed intolerable risk(level 5)for silica dust hazard positions, potential high risk(level 2-3)for welding fumes positions. For the EPA model, the results indicated low risk and potential hazards. Conclusions The risk of silica dust hazard in automobile manufacturing industry in a City is high. From the macro evaluation of industry risk, the semi quantitative ratio method is easy to operate and the risk level is reasonable. For the ICMM quantitative method, its concept definition is broad, which tends to overestimate the risk, and requires high professional experience and ability. For the EPA model, the accuracy of the evaluation is limited due to the lack of current dust-related hazardous substances parameters.