苏联末期围绕农庄农场体制的方针较量

The Policy Competition around the Kolkhoz-Sovkhoz System in the late Soviet Union

农业集体化之后,苏联农村基本形成了高度集中的农庄农场体制。苏联高层长期没有革新农庄农场体制,致使矛盾越积越多。1987年至1989年上半年,苏联领导人在维持土地所有制不变的情况下,对土地经营制度进行改革。苏联政府正式允许在农业中建立租赁关系,也支持以家庭为单元在农庄农场的框架内经营农业。但是,改革战略存在严重的问题,社会经济状况急转直下。很多居民想通过开展个体农业经营甚至部分获得土地所有权来自保。激进派精英开始在媒体上宣传土地私有,俄罗斯领导人逐渐与苏联中央分庭抗礼。苏联领导人决定建立复式土地结构,但是在局势动荡的情况下无力采取有效措施。俄罗斯领导人与激进派精英建立联盟,在共和国法律中认可了土地私有制,大力扶持个体农业经营。1991年秋冬季,苏联逐步瓦解。与此同时,俄罗斯领导人正式批准了经济转型战略,农村土地私有化方针完全确立。

As a result of collectivization there was basically established a highly centralized Kolkhoz-Sovkhoz System in rural areas of the Soviet Union. For a long time, the Soviet Union’s high-level officials have not reformed the rigid Kolkhoz-Sovkhoz System, resulting in more and more contradictions. From 1987 to the first half of 1989, Soviet leaders reformed the land management system, maintaining the old ownership of land. The Soviet government officially allowed the establishment of leasing relationship in agriculture, as well as household system within the framework of collective and state farms. However, the reform strategy had serious problems, and social-economic conditions sharply deteriorated. Many residents wanted to carry out individual agricultural production and even obtain land ownership to survive. Radical elite began to publicize land privatization in the media, and Russian leaders started to resist the Union Center. Soviet leaders decided to establish a complex land structure, but in the turbulent situation they were unable to take strong measures. Forming a political alliance with radical elite, Russian leaders established private ownership of land in republican law and vigorously supported individual agricultural production. In the autumn and winter of 1991, the Soviet Union gradually collapsed. At the same time, Russian leaders formally approved the economic transformation strategy, and the rural land privatization route was fully formed.