基于“道德之天”的秩序建构——墨家政治思想的文化渊源与逻辑结构

The Construction of Order Based on“Virtuous Heaven”——The Cultural Origin and Logical Structure of Mohist Political Thought

先秦时期,具有超验性质的至上神观念,于殷商-西周-墨家这一发展脉络上呈现出从“无常”到“有常”的演变。墨家对商周以来“无常之天”的普遍观念作出了独特而富有创新价值的解读,他们不再将天命的变化归因于王政的得失,而是将人性之中的“自爱”与“自利”看作是一切争斗与混乱的根源。这种将秩序紊乱的天命变化归因于普遍人性的做法,在逻辑上削弱乃至排除了君主等主体的主观作为对生成良善秩序的积极价值,最后只能将秩序生成的最终保障寄托于有意识且趋向至善的“道德之天”。

In the pre-Qin period,the transcendental concept of supreme god showed a process of evolution from“impermanence”to“permanence”in the development from Shang Dynasty to Zhou Dynasty to Mohism.Mohism has made a unique and innovative interpretation of the universal concept of“Impermanent Heaven”from the Shang and Zhou Dynasties.Instead of simply attributing the change of“Divine Mandate”to the governance of rulers,they regard“self-love”and“self-interest”in human nature as the root of all struggles and chaos.The practice of attributing the change of“Divine Mandate”to human nature may logically weaken or even exclude the positive value of subjective actions of monarchs and other subjects to the generation of a good order,and finally can only pin the ultimate guarantee of the generation of order on a conscious and virtuous Heaven.