圣人的知识、学问与气象——兼论朱子之“道问学”思想

The Intelligence,Knowledge and Expression of Sages——Zhu Xi’s Thinking of “Following the Path of Knowledge”

“圣人之心”是理学家工夫的重心,关于如何体认之问题遂产生“理学”与“心学”之别,这一工夫的差异亦被概括为“道问学”与“尊德性”。朱子作为“理学”之集大成者,对“道问学”的发明根植于他对于“圣人之心”的体认,具体可以分疏为:圣人的知识、学问与气象,并从圣人之“知”得出学者之所以且必须从事于“道问学”的工夫,而“圣人之知”无非是“圣人之心”的推扩而已。因而,朱子之所以重视“道问学”,也是因其与“尊德性”本来即为一体而不可分割。由此,不仅可以对朱子学有一全新的思路,同时亦可响应心学之问题。

For Neo-Confucianist,“Sages’ Mind”is one of the most important parts during their cultivation,and the different methods of realizing“Sages’ Mind”lead to the difference between“School of Principle”and“School of Mind”.This kind of difference could also be epitomized as“Honoring Moral Nature”and“Following the Path of Knowledge”.As the epitomizer of“School of Principle”,Zhu Xi’s perception of“Following the Path of Knowledge”is based on his understanding of“Sages’ Mind”,this could be divided into the intelligence,knowledge,and expression.He certified that scholars should and must“Following the Path of Knowledge”from“Sages’ intelligence”,and,“Sages’ intelligence”is actually the expansion of“Sages’ Mind”.Therefore,the reason why Zhu Xi advocated“Following the Path of Knowledge”is because it is integrated with“Honoring Moral Nature”,they could not be separated.From all of these discussion,people could gain a brand new thinking of Zhuism,and responding to the doubts from“School of Mind”,simultaneously.