不同材质地面跳深运动生物力学特征对比研究

A Comparative Study on Biomechanical Characteristics of Deep Jumping on Grounds with Different Materials

目的:通过力学手段对硬地(测力台)、沙地、体操垫、平衡垫四种训练中常见的地面跳深进行对比,探析在不同材质地面进行跳深下肢发力与受力的差异。方法:招募体育学院25名男性受试者,实验采用50cm高度跳深,每种地面都重复3次,每次间歇时间30秒,每种地面跳深间隔3分钟。结果:四种材质地面跳深缓冲阶段Fx与Fz具有显著差异(P<0.05),Fy具有非常显著差异(P<0.01);测力台跳深在触地瞬间Fz、Fy值急剧上升,体操垫、平衡垫以及沙地跳深力变化较为平缓。四种材质地面跳深缓冲阶段髋、膝关节角度变化量、膝关节角速度峰值、着地时间都具有显著差异(P<0.05)。结论:相对于测力台跳深,较为柔软材质地面虽增加了缓冲阶段的垂直地面反作用力、减小了膝关节屈曲角度,但同时也大幅度降低了着地瞬间Fy与Fx。平衡垫、体操垫与沙地都有助于降低跳深运动潜在的非接触性损伤风险,其中沙地的效果最佳;平衡垫与体操垫跳深的踏跳流畅性较高,对硬地有较大的替代作用。

By means of mechanics, the comparison of deep jumps on four kinds of common grounds was conducted, including on hard ground(force measuring platform), sandy land, gymnastics mat and balance mat, so as to explore the difference of force of lower limbs in deep jumps on different ground materials.Methods: 25 male subjects were recruited from the department of physical education.The experiment was conducted by using 45 cm height deep jump, repeated on each ground for 3 times with 30 seconds interval, with 3 minutes interval for switching to another ground.Results: There are significant differences between Fx and Fz in the jumping buffering stage of the four materials(P<0.05);Fy had a very significant difference(P<0.01);At the moment of touching the ground of the force measuring platform, the values of FZ and FY increased sharply, while the changes are relatively gentle on the gymnastics mat, balance mat and sandy land.The changes of hip and knee joint angles, peak angular velocity of knee joint and landing time on four materials were significantly different in the deep jump buffering stage(P<0.05).Conclusion: Compared with the force measuring platform, the soft ground materials can increase the vertical ground reaction force in the buffering stage and reduce the knee flexion Angle, but at the same time, it can also significantly reduce the Fy and Fx at the moment of landing.Balance mat, gymnastic mat and sandy land all help to reduce the risk of deep jump injury, and sandy land has the best effect.The balance mat and the gymnastics mat can increase the jumping and stepping fluency, with larger substitution effect to the hard ground.