极端低温环境下防覆冰材料研究进展

Research Progress of Anti-icing/Icephobic Materials for Extreme Low Temperature Environments

表面覆冰和积雪广泛存在于日常生活及工业生产中,但在极端复杂低温环境下,工程设备表面严重积冰会影响其使役性能,常常导致高能耗或灾难事故发生。传统除冰技术如机械除冰、加热融冰以及喷洒化学试剂等效率低,费用高,作业危险性大,无法从根本上解决实际工程领域的覆冰难题。通过采用涂装功能防覆冰材料的策略,抑制或延缓材料表面覆冰的形成,降低表面冰层的结合强度和覆冰量,从源头上解决覆冰问题成为主要的研究方向。相比于传统物理法和化学法,该方法具有高效率、低能耗、简便易行等特点,具有较好的应用前景。基于此,在详细阐述了材料表界面润湿特性和防覆冰机理的基础上,综述了国内外极端低温环境下防覆冰材料的研究进展,并对固–液界面型、液–液界面型以及复合涂层材料等几类主要防覆冰材料的适用性及优缺点进行了对比和分析,最后指出了目前防覆冰材料应用面临的技术瓶颈,并对未来防覆冰材料的发展方向和趋势进行了展望,为极端低温环境防覆冰材料的设计和选择提供参考。

Icing and snow accumulation are common in our daily life and industry.However,severe ice accretion on the surface of engineering equipment will seriously affect the service performance and often lead to high energy consumption or disastrous accidents when in extreme low-temperature environments.Traditional deicing technologies,such as mechanical deicing,heating deicing and spraying of chemical reagents,etc.,are always inefficient,expensive and high operational risk,which cannot fundamentally solve the problem of ice accretion in practical engineering.Hence,the major research content is focused on solving the icing problem from the source by inhibiting or delaying the formation of icing on the surface,and reducing the adhesion strength of the surface ice layer and the amount of icing through the usage of functional anti-icing materials.Compared with traditional physical and chemical methods,this method is high efficiency,low energy consumption,simplicity and ease of operation,which has become one of the most promising approaches in the field of anti-icing technology.Based on this,this paper reviews the research progress of anti-icing materials in extreme low temperature environments at home and abroad on the basis of elaborating the surface and interface wetting characteristics and anti-icing mechanism of materials.The applicability,advantages and disadvantages of several main anti-icing materials such as solid-liquid interface,liquid-liquid interfaces and composite coating materials are compared and analyzed.The technical bottlenecks of the application of anti-icing materials at present are pointed out,and the future development direction and trend of anti-icing materials are prospected,with the hope of providing a reference for the design and selection of anti-icing materials in extreme low temperature environments.