氢储能在我国新型电力系统中的应用价值、挑战及展望

Hydrogen Energy Storage in China’s New-Type Power System:Application Value,Challenges,and Prospects

加快发展氢能产业,是应对实现“碳达峰、碳中和”目标和保障国家能源安全的战略选择。氢储能具有跨季节、跨区域和大规模存储的优势,同时具备一定的快速响应能力,在新型电力系统的“源网荷”各个环节均有很强的应用价值。本文剖析了氢储能相对其他储能技术的优势,阐述了新型电力系统对氢能的诉求,并构建了氢储能在新型电力系统“源网荷”中的应用价值体系。研究认为,氢储能在储存容量和放电时长等性能指标上可满足新型电力系统的要求,但在投资成本和转化效率方面与要求仍有一定差距;氢能系统与电力系统缺乏跨领域协同,氢储能在新型电力系统中的应用缺少相应的激励配套政策;在可再生能源制氢、电氢耦合运行控制和氢燃料电池发电等方面仍存在标准体系不健全甚至空白的问题。为此本文建议,现阶段应以效率高、成本低“电‒氢”广义氢储能方式为主,“电‒氢‒电”狭义氢储能方式为辅;充分发挥氢能市场、电力市场和碳市场力量,促进氢储能低碳低成本健康发展;积极探索氢能在不同距离尺度下的运输方式组合,解决氢能资源与负荷逆向分布难题;加快完善电氢耦合产业新型标准体系建设,抢占国际标准化制高点。

Accelerating the development of the hydrogen energy industry is crucial for realizing the carbon peaking and carbon neutralization goals and for ensuring national energy security.Hydrogen energy storage has the advantages of cross-seasonal,cross-regional,and large-scale storage,as well as quick response capabilities,which is applicable to all links of“source/grid/load”of a new type power system.This study analyzes the advantages of hydrogen energy storage over other energy storage technologies,expounds on the demands of the new-type power system for hydrogen energy,and constructs an application value system for hydrogen energy storage in the“source/grid/load”of the new-type power system.The results show that hydrogen energy storage can satisfy the requirements of the new-type power system in terms of storage capacity and discharge time;however,gaps remain in investment cost and conversion efficiency.The hydrogen energy system lacks coordination with the power system,and the application of hydrogen energy storage to the new-type power system lacks incentive policies.Moreover,standards systems are insufficient or even absent in renewable energy hydrogen production,electric-hydrogen coupling operation control,and hydrogen fuel cell power generation.Therefore,we suggest that the electric-hydrogen storage mode with high efficiency and low cost should be primarily used at present,and the electric-hydrogen-electric mode should be auxiliary.It is imperative to give full play to the power of hydrogen,electricity,and carbon markets to promote the low-carbon and low-cost development of hydrogen energy storage;actively explore the combination of hydrogen energy transport modes at different distance scales to solve the problem of mismatched distribution of hydrogen energy resources and loads;and accelerate the development of a new standards system for the electric-hydrogen coupling industry.