“神学之秘密是人本学”:论费尔巴哈的宗教批判及其限度

"The Secret of Theology Is Humanism": On Feuerbach’s Critique of Religion and Its Limits

费尔巴哈的宗教批判思想最集中地体现在他对基督教的批判上。《黑格尔哲学批判》一书开启了他的哲学批判之路。黑格尔思辨哲学批判的成果——“哲学上最高的本质是人的本质”的观点,在《基督教的本质》一书中转而采取了“神学之秘密是人本学”这种宗教批判的表达形式。在随后的《宗教的本质》一书中,费尔巴哈对自然宗教进行了批判性研究,从而系统完成了他的宗教批判工作。费尔巴哈的宗教批判是哲学批判的延续和深化,不能脱离其哲学批判孤立地考察他的宗教批判。由于费尔巴哈在哲学上仍未彻底摆脱思辨唯心论影响,其人本学及宗教批判带有明显的局限性,有待于马克思对其加以超越。

Feuerbach’s critique of religion is mostly concentrated on his criticism of Christianity. Critique of Hegel’s Philosophy(1839) opened his way to philosophical criticism. The result of Hegel’s speculative philosophy criticism——the view that "the highest essence of philosophy is human nature", in his book The Essence of Christianity(1841), was transferred to the expression of "theological secret is humanism", as a religious criticism form. Subsequently, in the book The Essence of Religion(1845), Feuerbach conducted a critical study of natural religion, thus systematically completing his work of religious criticism. Feuerbach’s religious criticism is the continuation and deepening of his philosophical critique, and people cannot examine his religious critique in isolation from his philosophical critique. From the perspective of philosophical criticism, people should pay attention to Feuerbach’s religious criticism, but because it is still not completely free from the influence of discursive idealism in philosophy, Feuerbach’s anthroposophy and his religious criticism have obvious limitations, which have to be transcended by Marx.