藏语形容词的音节数形态与形态类型

The Syllable Number Morphology and Morphological Types of Tibetan Adjectives

现代藏语形容词是一个未经语法本体上严格论证的“自然类别”。以往研究曾指出,“虽然形容词所表示的原型范畴意义-所指对象的属性,在任何语言中都有词项来表示,应属普遍性语义范畴,但这并不意味着它一定是普遍性的词类范畴。”文章在传统看法的基础上,一方面假定藏语存在一个形容词类别;另一方面通过描述形容词的形态多样性及其类型,也一定程度上间接论述了藏语形容词所具有的独立词类地位。换句话说,具有区别于名词和动词的独特形态形式的形容词可推导必定是独立词类。亦即:以音节数作为基础形态或隐形态来观察藏语的形容词及其类型,将音节数与派生词、重叠词、复合词、复合型派生词等类型结合,讨论了各类形容词的基本结构和特征。依据词的长度观察词类和词法类型是一种新型的分类法,有利于发掘藏语形容词的形态面貌和内部构成。藏语形容词音节数形态的描述与名词和动词音节数形态的描述一致,证明藏语是一种可以依据“词形定类”的语言。进一步,藏语词形跟词的功能类的这种简单对应关系甚至可以让我们逆过来操作,又提出了“词类分形”的概念。所谓“词类分形”指根据词的语法功能类别可以确定词的形式类别。

Modern Tibetan adjectives are a“natural category”that has not been rigorously demonstrated on grammatical ontology.Previous studies have pointed out that although the prototypical meaning of adjectives-the attributes of the referent,which is represented by terms in any language,should belong to the universal semantic category,this does not mean that it must be universal.Inheriting the traditional view,on the one hand,it is assumed that there is an adjective category in Tibetan,and on the other hand,by describing the morphological diversity and types of adjectives,it also indirectly discusses the independent part of speech possessed by Tibetan adjectives to a certain extent status.In other words,adjectives with distinct morphological forms distinct from nouns and verbs are derivable must be independent parts of speech.The specific method is as follows:observe Tibetan adjectives and their types with the number of syllables as the basic form or implicit form,combine the number of syllables with the types of derivatives,reduplications,compound words,and compound derivatives,and discuss the basic characteristics of various adjectives,structure and characteristics.Observing part of speech and morphological type according to the length of words is a new type of classification view,which is beneficial to explore the morphology and internal composition of Tibetan adjectives.The description of the syllable number of Tibetan adjectives is consistent with the description of the syllable number of nouns and verbs,which proves that Tibetan is a language that can be classified according to the form of words.Further,this simple correspondence between Tibetan word forms and word functional classes can even allow us to do it in reverse,and propose the concept of“part-of-speech fractals”.