文明互动:《五卷书》与《一千零一夜》比较研究

An Analysis on the Relationship Between Pancatantra and Tales from the Thousand and One Nights

印度为文明古国,自进入吠檀多以后,出现了大量伦理元典,《五卷书》就是其中之一。公元6世纪开始,《五卷书》开始被翻译成许多国家的语言文字,直到1914年,共译成了54种语言:15种印度语言、15种其它亚洲语言、2种非洲语言、22种欧洲语言。从译本的数目不难看出印度《五卷书》对世界文学产生的影响。《五卷书》对世界文学,特别对世界各国的民间故事和人文格言的产生、兴起和发展起到了无可替代的作用。在印度伦理经典、汉族民间故事、藏族萨迦格言中,都能找到从《五卷书》借来的故事及格言,世界上许多著名的擅长讲故事的作家,也援引了《五卷书》里的部分故事,如《罗马事迹》《十日谈》《滑稽之夜》《坎特伯雷故事》和《一千零一夜》等。在国内,《五卷书》研究起步较晚。到上世纪80年代,部分学者通过季羡林先生的译本开始对《五卷书》进行研究,产出了《五卷书》与东方民间故事、《五卷书》与哈萨克民间故事、《五卷书》与中国的先秦寓言等成果。文章在此基础上,运用比较文学的研究方法,试图对印度《五卷书》和阿拉伯民间故事集《一千零一夜》进行对比研究。指出,阿拉伯民间故事集《一千零一夜》的体裁、故事和格言均受到《五卷书》影响。

Pancatantra is a world-famous classical documentation.As of 1914,the Pancatantra is translated into fifty-four languages.It has played a key role in world literature,especially in the emergence,rise,and development of folktales and maxims in the world.This includes in Indian ethics classics,folk stories of Han Chinese,and in Tibetan maxims.However,academic research focusing on Pancatantra started late in China.Based on Jixianlin’s Chinese translation of Pacatantra,a few scholars studied the relationship between the Oriental folktales and Pancatantra,relationship between Kazakhstan folktales and Pancatantra,and relationship between parables of Xianqin in China and Pacatantra,building on these insights,and using the method of cultural comparison,this paper tries to make a comparative study of the relationship between the genres,stories and maxims of Pancatantra Book and the story of Tales from the Thousand and One Nights.