藏语安多牧区话声母系统的语音特征研究

On the Phonetic Features of Root-letter in Nomadic Dialect of Amdo Tibetan

根据“汉藏同源”的科学假设,藏语属于汉藏语系藏缅语族藏语支,在此语支内又分卫藏、康巴、安多三大方言。方言的形成和变迁与一个民族的社会历史、地理分布、自然环境以及经济发展等诸多因素密切相关,藏语方言的形成也不例外,方言分歧有大有小,差别主要表现在语音上。由于汉藏语系辅音系统因方言差异而呈现出很大不同,藏语安多方言内部也形成了农、牧区话的土语之分,各民族语言也存在相互影响、相互借鉴的关系。通过藏语亲属语言或藏语言内部方言的研究,发现其中包含有促进民族团结和社会发展的积极元素,可以说藏语方言研究具有现实意义和理论意义。文章将藏语安多方言牧区话声母系统的语音作为代表进行研究,运用历史语言学理论与方法,描写方言与比较的研究方法,对安多牧区话声母语音系统进行共时性比较研究,从声母的发音部位和发音方法上进行分类、归纳和数量比较,对各声母语音特征做详细标识。通过调查发现,安多牧区话中有44个单辅音声母,其中有语音变体[ɣ],小舌浊擦音[ʁ],小舌清擦音[χ]和舌面中擦音[CçCçhɟj]等语音特点;还有96个复辅音声母的语音特征能够表明安多牧区话比农区话更接近书面语,更保留古藏语语音特征的面貌。

According to the scientific hypothesis of“Paronym of Chinese-Tibetan”,Tibetan is classified as belonging to Tibeto-Burman branch of Sino-Tibetan language family.The Tibetan language in China is divided into three dialects:Üzang,Kham and Amdo.The formation of dialects and its change are closely related to many other factors,such as a nation’s social history,geographical distribution,natural environment,and economic development.Therefore,the formation of Tibetan dialects is no exception.The consonant system of the Chinese-Tibetan language is very different because of the local dialects.The forms of local dialect of nomads and farmers are different in Amdo Tibetan dialect.All ethnic languages are together influenced and borrowed from one other.To find the factors inside it is as to promote ethnic harmony and social development.Therefore,studying Tibetan dialects has practical and theoretical significance.This paper is a study on voice of phonetic of root-letter in nomadic dialect of Amdo Tibetan.To apply the historical linguistics theory and method;way of comparative research and describe dialects.To study is as time for comparison of intials voice system at Amdo-nomadics dialect.It classified in the parts and method of pronunciation,induction and to compare numbers,and also the phonetic features of the initials are specifically signed.Through the survey is found that there are 44 single consonant initials in Amdo-nomadic dialect.There are many kind of features among them,such as variants of word form,[ɣ],uvula voiced fricative[ʁ],uvula clear fricative[χ]and middle fricative[Cc Cchɟj].in addition,the 96 initial consonant is voiced that Amdo-nomadic dialect closer to written language than farming dialect,which indicated more retains the phonetic features of classical Tibetans.