新时代海洋强国战略下以宪法为手段的海洋维权路径——以国际法院司法实践为启示

A Path for Safeguarding Maritime Rights with Constitutional Law in the Context of China’s Maritime Power Strategy for the New Era:Drawing Experiences from the Judicial Practice of the International Court of Justice

将涉海内容写入宪法,在当今海洋政治斗争中是多数国家立宪和修宪的重要内容和发展趋势。国际法院近年来形成了以“有效控制”原则判定主权归属的裁判逻辑。宪法是国家对主权展现最高管领意志与行使最高管领作为的有力体现,宪法中是否存在涉海内容,成为国际法院判定“有效控制”的重要依据。作为解决涉海领土争端的主要国际司法机构,国际法院的司法实践,对国际规则与国际共识的形成有着重要作用,是涉海领土维权的行动指引。相较于涉及我国海洋争端诸国,中国目前尚未把涉海内容写入宪法,存在维权被动的可能。坚持统筹推进国内法治和涉外法治是习近平法治思想的重要内容,中国应尽快采用宪法修正案的方式将涉海内容入宪,涉海内容的具体呈现,应在符合我国国情与宪法传统的基础上,统筹参考国际司法实践经验,为海洋强国战略下的主权维护多添一层保障。

Many countries have made provisions concerning maritime zones in their constitutions and constitutional amendments,as maritime disputes continue to be a key arena for political conflicts.In recent years,the International Court of Justice(ICJ)has applied the“effective control”logic in determining territorial sovereignty.Given that a constitution specifies the fundamental doctrines and practices that a state exercises sovereignty,the ICJ considers constitutional provisions on maritime zones a key factor when applying its“effective control”test.While China has not accepted the ICJ’s jurisdiction,the juridical practice of the court,which is the principal international judicial organ adjudicating maritime boundary disputes,remains pivotal to the formation of international norms and consensus,thus providing action guidelines for safeguarding maritime boundaries and related rights.Nevertheless,China,unlike neighbouring countries with which it has maritime disputes,has yet to bring forward constitutional provisions on maritime zones.The lack of such provisions may place the country in a passive position in dispute resolution.Recognising the importance of a coordinated approach to promoting the rule of law at home and in matters involving foreign parties as a key component of Xi Jinping Thought on the Rule of Law,the paper considers China’s pressing need for constitutional amendments regarding maritime zones.Such provisions should be drawn on the basis of China’s realities and constitutional tradition while considering international judicial practice,in order to set out a new path and give additional support for safeguarding sovereignty in the context of the country’s maritime power strategy for the new era.