铁路运单物权化业务模式及实施路径探讨

Discussion on the Business Modes and Implementation Path of Real Right of Rail Waybills

铁路运单物权化是提升我国铁路国内国际货物运输竞争力,加速货物和资金周转效率的重要手段之一。国家出台了一系列政策文件鼓励发展铁路运单物权化。针对铁路运单因物权属性缺失导致货物无法在途买卖交易、无法开展运单质押融资、难以使用信用证结算货款等问题,在系统梳理铁路运单物权化的研究现状和探索实践的基础上,设计提出国内铁路运单质押融资、基于国际铁路联运运单的信用证结算和转让交易3种业务模式,从应用范围、关联主体、铁路运输企业收益来源及业务流程等方面对3种业务模式进行比较分析,最后提出铁路运单物权化试点示范、法规制定和国际推广3个阶段的实施路径,为丰富铁路运单物权化业务模式、推动铁路运单物权化落地实施提供技术支撑。

The real right of rail waybills is one of the important means to improve the competitiveness of Chinese railways in domestic and international cargo transportation and accelerate the efficiency of cargo and capital turnover. The state has intensively issued a series of policy documents to encourage the development of the real right of rail waybills.Due to the lack of the real right attribute of rail waybills, cargoes cannot be bought and sold in transit, waybill pledge financing cannot be performed, and loans cannot be settled with letters of credit. To address these problems, this paper proposed three business modes on the basis of analyzing the research and practice status of the real right of rail waybills systematically. They were domestic rail waybill pledge financing, letter of credit settlement based on rail waybills of international intermodal transport, and transferring transaction. Then, this paper compared the three business modes from the aspects of application scope, related subjects, and revenue sources and business processes of railway transportation enterprises. Finally, it put forward an implementation path for the three stages, namely pilot demonstration, formulation of laws and regulations, and international promotion, of the real right of rail waybills. This research provides technical support for enriching the business modes of the real right of railway waybills and promoting the implementation of the real right of railway waybills.