我国《民法典》视域下近亲属死亡赔偿金请求权释论

On the right to claim compensation for the death of close relatives from the perspective of Civil Code

我国《民法典》第1181条确立了近亲属对死亡赔偿金的损害赔偿请求权。然而,学界基于生命损害说、继承丧失说等学说及其改良的观点,皆未恰当解释近亲属有权请求死亡赔偿金的权利本源问题。对此,应对死亡赔偿金请求权成立的法律事实、何种权益遭受侵害作出解释:在《民法典》视域下,因被侵权人死亡导致近亲属关系的灭失与未来财产利益损害是死亡赔偿金请求权成立的主要法律事实构成;近亲属关系作为一种独立的身份权性质的民事权益具有坚实的法律依据。在扶养费纳入近亲属请求死亡赔偿金范围的情况下,应区分“一般死亡赔偿金”与“特殊死亡赔偿金”,依据近亲属关系的不同类型确定逐层分配的顺序。

Article 1181 of the Civil Code establishes the right of close relatives to claim damages for death compensation. However, the academic circles based on the theory of life damage, the theory of loss of inheritance and other theories and their improvement, have not properly explained the origin of the right of close relatives to claim for death compensation. In this regard, we should explain the legal facts of the establishment of the claim for death compensation and what rights and interests have been infringed: from the perspective of the Civil Code, the loss of close relatives and future property interests caused by the death of the infringed are the main legal facts of the establishment of the claim for death compensation;as an independent civil right with the nature of identity right, close kinship has a solid legal basis. When the maintenance fee is included in the scope of death compensation claimed by close relatives, we should distinguish between "general death compensation" and "special death compensation", and determine the distribution order layer by layer according to different types of close kinship.