秦汉“君子”的制度身份、社会权势及其政治空间

The Institutional Identity, Social Power and Political Space of "Jun Zi" in Qin and Han Dynasties

在秦律中,“君子”为法律身份。秦律对“君子”监督管理力役、徒卒、戍者的责任及其若令史守官啬夫、其子备员县小佐等权利作了具体规定。史传所见两汉士君子的吏任多以县乡啬夫起家,这与秦简《置吏律》的规定基本一致。两汉察举制与太学制以郡国为责任单位,郡国由此成为君子仕进的重要场域。两汉之际士君子的豪强化使乡论成为选举的关键因素,“给事县廷”不再是必经的吏序。东汉后期,维护乡论的清流势力独占“士君子”名分,他们以天下为政治空间,并将“君子之望”名号化。曹魏君子士族化后,“君子—小人”之别被视作“吏—民”之别,士君子走上了通往寄生官僚的道路。

The Qin law took the "Jun Zi" as the legal identity, and made specific provisions on their responsibilities of management, supervision, service, apprenticeship and garrison, as well as their rights as officials of Sefu and Beiyuan County. According to the historical biography, most of the officials of the two Han Scholars and Jun Zi took the county and township Sefu as the starting point, which was basically consistent with the provisions of The Law on the Establishment of Officials in the Qin bamboo slips. The imperial appointment system and the selection of talented people and Imperial College System in the Han Dynasty took prefectures and states as electoral units, and prefectures and States became the key field of the political development of Shi Jun Zi. During the Han Dynasty, the strengthening of the Junzi’s arrogance made the public opinion a key factor in the election. " Holding a post Sefu" no longer had to go through the official order. In the late Eastern Han Dynasty, the elites who maintained the public opinion monopolized the title of "Shi Junzi ", took the Tianxia as the political space, and named "the hope of Jun Zi".In Cao Wei, the difference between "gentry and villains" was regarded as the difference between "officials and people", and scholars and Jun Zi embarked on the road to parasitic bureaucrats.