保证金的法律属性及金融机构之应对

Legal Property of Deposit and Precaution of Financial Institution

本文通过法律规范分析和实证研究发现,因保证金处理方式不同,保证金可被认定为金钱质押或非典型担保。对于前者,金融机构可就保证金优先受偿;对于后者,保证金应在主债务合同解除或提前到期时抵销债务。抵销范围包括实现债权的费用、利息与主债务;抵销时点应为合同解除日或提前到期日;抵销顺序应遵循约定优先原则,在没有约定或约定不明时则按“先费用,后利息,最后本金”的顺序进行。

Based on the legal norm analysis and empirical research,this paper finds that,due to the different handling of deposit,the deposit can be regarded as monetary pledge or atypical guarantee.For the former,financial institutions have the priority right to be paid;for the latter,the deposit should be used to offset the debt when the main debt contract is terminated or matured in advance.The scope of offset includes the costs of realizing a claim,interest and main debt;the time of offset should be the date of termination of the contract or the date of expiration in advance;the sequence of offset should follow the principle of agreement priority,and if there is no agreement or the agreement is unclear,the sequence should be"the cost of realizing a claim first,the interest second,and the capital last.