经济哲学视域中马克思对斯密商品价值决定论的超越

Marx's Transcendence of Smith's Commodity Value Determinism from the Perspective of Economic Philosophy

随着世界历史进入近代,商品价值问题成为关乎人的自由实现的重大议题,对这一问题的不同回答直接导致了经济思想史上的两种理论路向,一个是坚持科学劳动价值论的马克思主义政治经济学,另一个是坚持生产要素决定论的西方主流经济学。而造成这一历史性分野的理论母机是亚当·斯密的商品价值决定论,其包括“耗费劳动决定商品价值”“购买劳动决定商品价值”和“三种收入决定商品价值”三种矛盾性规定。马克思认为,斯密的价值概念实质是交换价值概念并且斯密触及商品价值问题,马克思进一步从交换价值中抽象出价值,实现对斯密理论的超越;而庸俗经济学认为,斯密始终在探讨交换价值问题而不存在矛盾。只有马克思劳动价值论实现了对近代社会的历史性认识,为新时代条件下揭示经济社会发展规律提供理论武器。

With the world history entering modern times,the issue of commodity value has become a major issue related to the realization of human freedom.Different answers to this question directly lead to two theoretical directions in the history of economic thought:one is Marxist political economics adhering to the scientific labor theory of value,the other is western mainstream economics adhering to the determinism of production factors.Adam Smith's determinism of commodity value is the theoretical basis of this historical division,which includes three contradictory provisions:“consuming labor determines commodity value”,“purchasing labor determines commodity value”and“three incomes determine commodity value”.According to Marx,the essence of Smith's concept of value is the concept of exchange value,and Smith touched on the issue of commodity value.Marx further abstracted value from exchange value to realize the transcendence of Smith's theory.However,according to vulgar economics,Smith was always discussing the issue of exchange value without contradiction.Only Marx's theory of labor value has realized the historical understanding of modern society and provided a theoretical weapon for revealing the law of economic and social development in the new era.