德国人格权保护规定的基本原则——与新编纂的《中华人民共和国民法典》相比较

Grundprinzipien der deutschen Regelungen zum Schutz des Personlichkeitsrechts im Vergleich mit der Neukodifikation des Zivilgesetzbuchs der Volksrepublik China

在中国民法典起草的过程中,人格权法的新修始终是一个重要且令人热议的亮点。目前,与人格权相关的规定已独立成编(《中华人民共和国民法典》第四编),并特别规定了生命权、身体权、健康权、姓名权、名称权、肖像权、名誉权、荣誉权以及隐私权等(见《中华人民共和国民法典》第990条)。在德国,人格权法同样是一个令人热议的话题。它部分被规定于《德国民法典》之中,部分则以特别法的形式呈现,而这些特别法又往往来源于欧盟法律。这使得中德人格权法之间存在丰富的可比内容和比较意义。该比较展示了在漫长历史进程中逐渐成长的人格权法与经历了现代法典化的人格权法之间的区别。内容上,本文既从法益评价的角度也从法律后果的角度比较了二者的差异。总体而言,与现行的德国法律相比,《中华人民共和国民法典》更加开放,也更着眼于预防。

One of the essential and much-discussed features of the draft for the new codification of the Chinese Civil Code was and is the reorganization of the law of personality rights.These regulations stand programmatically in its own BookⅣof the code now and concern in particular life and health,the right of name,the right of portrait,reputation and honor as well as privacy(see Article 990 of the Civil Code of the People’s Republic of China).These areas of law are also much discussed in Germany,but are only partly regulated in the BGB(German Civil Code),the other part is often found in special laws of European origin.This makes a comparison of laws productive and meaningful.The comparison shows the differences between a law that has grown in a long historical process and a modern recodification.In terms of content,there are differences in the valuation of legal interests,but also in the legal consequences.Overall,the Civil Code of the People’s Republic of China is more openly formulated and more strongly oriented toward prevention than current German law.