“环境国”下的国家扩张与宪法应对——以环境风险预防为例

Staatliche Expansion und verfassungsrechtliche Reaktion im Umweltstaat

从实践描述到规范塑造,“环境国”既服务于证成国家建构的合法性基础,又用以解释环境宪法的整体效果。虽尚有争议,但在我国“环境国”逐渐成为一种政治现实和规范状态。环境宪法的主要规范类型是国家目标条款等“目的性规范”,其开放性及环境系统本身的复杂性,可能带来宪法对国家权力控制的乏力,使有效保护环境的目标实现“不足”或“过度”。尤其是在环境风险的预防上,“过度”问题甚为典型。为有效应对,应加强宪法的融贯解释并在此基础上持续进行工具创新。就环境风险预防而言,应明确排除国家的普遍风险预防义务,完善对预防行为的正当性补强并充分发挥基本权利的消极防御功能,加强宪法上组织与程序保障等国家义务的践履等。

The functional expectation of the"environmental state"has experienced the transformation from the practical description to the normative shaping,which not only serves to prove the legitimacy foundation of the state construction,but also explains the overall effect of the environmental constitution.Although there are still controversies,the"environmental state"in China has gradually become a political reality and normative state.The main type of norms of environmental constitution is"objective norms"such as national goal clauses.Its openness and the complexity of environmental system itself may lead to the lack of control by the Constitution and the"insufficient"or"excessive"realization of the objective of effective environmental protection.Especially in the prevention of environmental risk,"excessive"problem is very typical.In order to deal with it effectively,we should strengthen the integration and interpretation of the constitution,and on this basis,we should continue to innovate tools.In terms of environmental risk prevention,we should clearly exclude the state’s general risk prevention obligations,improve the legitimacy of preventive actions and give full play to the negative defense function of basic rights,and strengthen the implementation of state obligations such as the constitutional organization and procedural protection.