建筑空气环境人因工程学:问题、思考与探索

Ergonomics for indoor air environments:Problems,reflections and investigations

人80%以上时间在室内度过,室内空气环境质量对人的健康、舒适和工作效率有重要影响.采用节能低碳方式营造健康舒适的室内空气环境是“健康中国”与“双碳”目标国家战略的重要内容.传统的建筑空气环境研究范式存在以下不足:人的热舒适状况主要基于主观感受调研,人的健康状况主要基于患病率调研;空气环境监测参数在种类、时空分布上非常有限;传统室内空气热质过程优化主要基于工程热力学和传热传质学,前者仅适用于平衡态下的热-功转换过程,后者虽有强化概念但缺乏优化概念,在确定建筑环境涉及湿和多种污染物的非平衡态热-质-功的复杂过程优化时遇到实质性困难.

People spend over 80%of their time indoors.Indoor environmental quality has a significant impact on human health,comfort and productivity.Applying energy-efficient and low-carbon methods to create a healthy and comfortable indoor environment is strongly requested by the national strategies of“Healthy China”and“Peak Carbon Dioxide Emissions and Carbon Neutrality”.The traditional paradigm of studying indoor air environments has the following limitations:Human thermal comfort information mainly comes from questionnaire surveys;human health information is mainly based on the investigations of morbility and mortality rate;indoor air parameters that are monitored are very limited regarding their types and spatial and temporal distributions;the traditional method to optimize the heat and mass transfer processes of indoor air is based upon engineering thermodynamics and heat and mass transfer,in which the former is only applicable to the heat-work conversion processes under equilibrium states,while the latter lacks the concept of optimization and thus encounters substantial difficulties when dealing with complex non-equilibrium processes involving heat,mass,and work.Due to these intrinsic limitations,the following fundamental problems cannot be solved:The key influencing factors and mechanisms of indoor air environments on human responses have not been well identified and interpreted;and the ideal heat and mass transfer processes for a desired indoor air environment and the corresponding optimized engineering approach have not been determined.To address these problems,we put forward a framework of“Ergonomics for Indoor Air Environments”.It is based upon modern technologies(e.g.,online sensing technology for indoor air parameters and human responses,and big data collecting and analyzing technologies,including machine learning).By referring to the key parameter in the building energy efficiency field,COP(coefficient of performance),we put forward two new parameters,COH(coefficient of health-benefit)and COE(coefficient of economy-benefit).The theory can identify an ideal heat and mass transfer process by using the principle of least action and taking COE as the index of“action”,where the“ideal”means that the target indoor air environment can meet all healthy and thermal comfort requirements while the economic cost is minimal.This approach is also helpful for researchers to develop Ergonomics for Indoor Air Environments.