建筑光学中人因研究的进展与方法

Research methods and progress of human factors in architectural lighting

建筑光学研究的核心目的是保障安全,提高视觉功效和人类绩效,优化人居环境的光品质,提高人类福祉.本文简要回顾了建筑光学中人因研究的发展脉络、当下热点、实验环境、实验被试与人因测量方法,探讨了在建成环境的整体框架内,生理测量、绩效测量与心理测量的有效性问题,并对跨感官通道的多环境参数交叉研究进行了展望.

The core purpose of architectural lighting research is to ensure safety,improve visual performance and human performance,optimize the light quality of living environments,and improve human well-being.This paper briefly reviews the development context,current hot spots,experimental environment,experimental subjects,and measurement methods of human factors research in architectural lighting.Then we discuss the effectiveness of physiological measurement,performance measurement and psychological measurement within the overall framework of the built environment.Finally,we look forward to the cross research of multi-environmental parameters across sensory channels.At present,a core problem faced by architectural lighting research and design is that the quantity,spectrum,distribution,irradiation time and duration of light act on both visual systems and non-visual systems.Visual effects focus on the light received by the object(visual task and background),while non-visual effects focus on the light received by the human eye.With the interaction between non-visual effects and visual effects,the rational operation of space needs to be reconsidered.It is nonnegligible to quantify the characteristics of luminous environments,especially the variation characteristics of dynamic daylight,and bring them into the scientific system of quantitative experiments in the era of human factors.The experimental environment mainly includes immersive real environments and virtual environments,and isolated image/video evaluation environments.Experiments in the actual scene can get the human response closest to the reality,but face many interference factors.Therefore,the experiments are mostly carried out in a laboratory environment where the variables are easy to control.The ability of virtual reality to restore the feeling of real space is closest to the real environment.However,virtual reality equipment cannot restore the brightness and spectrum of the real situation,leading to the results of poor reliability and guidance.In isolated evaluation environments,the evaluation effectiveness of realism such as depth of field,comfort and existence is poor,though the variables in it are easy to control.The research methods of human factors research in architectural lighting include physiological measurements,psychological measurements,behavior measurements,performance evaluation and so on.When selecting research methods,the characteristics of luminous environments,the action mechanism of visual/non-visual pathway and human visual characteristics should be considered.Human factors research should abide by experimental ethics.With the trend of multi-environmental-parameter studies,the architectural lighting research excavates the blind spots from the perspective of thermology and acoustics.The action mechanism of cross sensory channel interactive perception was revealed systematically to improve the theoretical system of indoor comprehensive environments.