破片式战斗部用活性材料研究进展

Research Progress of Reactive Materials for Fragmentation Warhead

活性材料是一种由多种类非炸药类固体物质通过一定方法制成,在加热或高速撞击条件下可以自身或与空气发生反应同时释放大量化学能的含能材料。将活性材料制成破片应用于防空、反导战斗部中可大幅提高战斗部的毁伤能力。根据二元活性材料的组成成分分类,可分为金属-氧化物(铝热剂)、金属-聚合物及金属-金属混合物等三大体系。然而,随着战斗部的应用环境越来越复杂,仅仅依靠二元体系已经不能满足要求,多组元活性材料的应用可以结合不同组元的优点,直接灵活地调整活性材料的特性。再通过冷压、冷喷涂、低温挤出等成型工艺与粉末球磨、坯体塑性变形等处理方式相结合的方法对活性材料进行组织和性能调控,获得优异的综合性能。除了成分及工艺设计外,对活性材料准静态和动态反应释能机理与评估方法的研究也是推进该类材料工程应用的关键。其中对活性材料准静态反应的研究是实验室条件下研究活性材料设计、性能的关键方法,需要进一步发展和应用;而对活性材料动态下的反应研究还需要进一步的深入认识。未来活性材料要实现应用技术上的继续突破,就必须实现强度、密度和反应释能等综合性能的提升,并同时追求安全性、低成本、易于加工等目标。总之,活性材料的发展必将为破片式战斗部的发展提供重要条件。归纳了活性材料的研究进展,分别对活性材料的不同体系特点、制备工艺、释能反应机理等进行介绍。分析了活性材料目前存在的问题,并对未来发展趋势进行了展望。

Reactive materials is a kind of structurals energetic material which is made by several kinds of non-explosive solid materials through a certain method and can react themselves or with air and release a large amount of chemical energy under heating or high-speed impact conditions.Using fragments made of reactive materials in air-defence and anti-missile can greatly improve the damage ability of warheads.According to the composition of reactive materials,binary reactive materials mainly include three systems:metal-oxide(thermit),metal-polymer and metal-metal mixture.However,as the application environment of warheads become more and more complex,the binary systems of reactive materials are unable to meet the requirements of warheads.The development of multi-component systems can combine advantages of every component and the properties of reactive materials can be adjusted more directly and flexibly.Subsequently,the structure and properties of reactive materials can be regulated by combining the traditional preparation process,such as cold press,cold spray,low temperature extrusion and so on,with ball milling and plastic deformation.Finally,the reactive material will have good overall performances.In addition,the research on the quasi-static and dynamic reaction energy release mechanism and evaluation method of reactive materials is also the key to promote the engineering application of this kind of materials.The research on the quasi-static reaction of reactive materials is the key method to study the design and properties of reactive materials under laboratory conditions,which needs further development and application;However,the research on the dynamic reaction of reactive materials still needs further understanding.In order to achieve continuous breakthroughs in application technology in the future,reactive materials must improve their comprehensive properties such as strength,density,and reactive energy release,meanwhile pursuing the goals of safety,low cost,and easy processing.In a word,the development of reactive materials is expected to provide important conditions for the development of fragment warhead.In this paper,the research progress of reactive materials was summarized.The characteristics of different systems,preparation technology,reaction mechanism of reactive materials was introduced.The existing problems were analysed and the future development trend was prospected.