碳中和背景下可再生能源促进的竞争法路径

Competition law approach to renewable energy promotion under the background of carbon neutrality

推进可再生能源发展是生态文明建设的客观需求,是实现碳达峰碳中和目标的重要举措,亦离不开法律制度的外在保障。历史回溯与规范分析下,从薪柴到煤炭,再从煤炭到石油和天然气,竞争促进是能源变革历程中的一般法律路径,但至可再生能源替代,因其自身竞争力不足与市场结构困境,法律制度径直从促进竞争折向了“排斥竞争”。案例分析与理论解析下,竞争豁免法律制度遭遇实践异化,可再生能源市场交易规则模棱两可,制度负面效应突显,已难以适应可再生能源高质量发展需求。事实上,合理的竞争机制设计有利于促进可再生能源企业积极创新和效率提升,竞争规则并不必然与可再生能源发展相斥,市场化是可再生能源的最终归宿。重新厘定可再生能源市场的保障性竞争理念,可再生能源的制度促进模式应重回兼容竞争的法律路径:以竞争为优先,以保障扩容竞争并助失利者二次发展,实现市场竞争与政府保障政策的有机协调。促进可再生能源的市场竞争恢复应是可再生能源持续发展的关键,也是可再生能源法保障作用的核心,《可再生能源法》的修改完善也应注重将保障制度与竞争规则进行衔接融通。具体制度路径上,一方面,以“法律原则”形式将竞争优先与效率补偿理念嵌入可再生能源法,为市场提供清晰且富有弹性的交易基准和规范指引;另一方面,通过加强可再生能源领域的自由竞争规则适用,推进保障性政策的公平竞争审查,构建能源消费需求侧的倾斜性激励机制,以及推动强制购买制度的竞争法理念更新等制度衔接机制协力,可不断扩展特殊市场的竞争空间,助推可再生能源替代进程。

important measure to realize the dual goals of ‘peaking carbon dioxide emissions’ and ‘carbon neutrality’,which cannot be separated from the external guarantee of the legal system.Based on a historical review and normative analysis,the competition promotion mechanism is the general legal path in the process of energy transformation,from firewood to coal,and then from coal to petroleum and natural gas.However,as for the replacement of renewable energy,due to its own lack of competitiveness and market structure dilemma,the legal system has turned from promoting competition to ‘rejecting competition’.Case analysis and theoretical analysis show that the legal system of competition exemption has been alienated from practice,the trading rules of the renewable energy market are ambiguous,and the negative effects of the system have intensified,which has proved to be difficult to meet the need for high-quality development of renewable energy.In fact,a reasonable competition mechanism design is conducive to the active innovation and efficiency improvement of renewable energy enterprises.Competition rules are not necessarily mutually exclusive with the development of renewable energy,and marketization is still the ultimate destination for renewable energy.By redefining the concept of guaranteed competition in the renewable energy market,it is suggested that the system promotion mode of renewable energy should return to the legal path of compatible competition:giving priority to competition,ensuring the expansion competition and helping the losers to develop again,and realizing the organic coordination between market competition and government guarantee policies.Promoting the market competition recovery of renewable energy should be the key to the sustainable development of renewable energy and also the core of the guarantee function of the Renewable Energy Law.The revision of the Renewable Energy Law should pay attention to the connection between the guarantee system and the competition rules.In terms of system,on the one hand,the concept of competition priority and efficiency compensation is embedded into the Renewable Energy Law in the form of ‘legal principles’,providing clear and flexible trading benchmarks and normative guidelines for the market.On the other hand,by strengthening the application of free competition rules in the field of renewable energy,promoting fair competition review of safeguard policies,building an inclined incentive mechanism on the demand side of energy consumption,and promoting the renewal of the competition law concept of compulsory purchase system,we will gradually expand the competition space in special markets and promote the process of the replacement of renewable energy.