中国自然保护区空间分布的驱动因素

Driving factors in the spatial distribution of China’s natural reserves

农村地区是生物多样性资源的主要保留地,同时也是中国自然保护区的重要分布区。农村地区的机会成本作为自然保护区建设的主要成本,是影响保护区空间分布的潜在驱动因素。该研究从县级政府视角剖析了自然保护区建设的决策机制,利用2005—2018年县级面板数据,实证分析农村地区机会成本对保护区分布的影响,并按照保护区所在区域和级别进行分类讨论,探讨机会成本对保护区个体规模的影响。结果表明:(1)总体来看,机会成本是决定保护区空间分布的重要因素,机会成本和保护区面积之间呈显著的负向关系。机会成本每增加1%,该地区保护区面积将减少0.679%。(2)在东部和中部地区,机会成本对保护区面积有显著的负向影响,而在西部和东北地区,机会成本对保护区面积影响不显著。(3)机会成本对地方级保护区面积有显著负向影响,而对国家级保护区面积影响不显著。(4)随着机会成本的提高,自然保护区个体规模有缩小趋势,能够缓解机会成本的压力,但保护区生境面临破碎化风险,不利于生物多样性保护。因此,中国在进一步优化保护区布局的过程中,应充分考虑农村地区机会成本对保护区建立和管理的影响,完善以国家公园为主体的多功能自然保护地体系,严格审批各级各类自然保护区的范围与功能区调整,将生态保护价值高、生物多样性丰富的对象纳入保护体系;同时,建立多元化、市场化的保护地生态补偿机制,以缓解保护区建设与周边社区发展之间的矛盾,从而兼顾生物多样性保护和农村地区经济发展的双重目标。

Rural areas are the main reserves of biodiversity resources and are also important distribution areas for China ’s natural reserves.Opportunity cost,as the main cost of the construction of natural reserves,is a potential driving factor in the spatial distribution of natural reserves.This study analyzed the decision-making mechanism of natural reserves from the perspective of county-level governments,using county-level panel data from 2005 to 2018 to empirically analyze the impact of opportunity cost in rural areas on the distribution of natural reserves,and discussed the impact according to the location and level of natural reserves.On this basis,this study further explored the impact of opportunity cost on the individual scale of natural reserves.The results showed that:(1) In general,opportunity cost was an important factor in determining the distribution of natural reserves.There was a significant negative relationship between the opportunity cost and natural reserve areas.Each 1% increase in the opportunity cost would reduce the natural reserve areas by 0.679%.(2) In the eastern and central regions,opportunity cost had a significant negative impact on the natural reserve areas,while in the western and northeastern regions,opportunity cost had no significant impact on the natural reserve areas.(3) Opportunity cost had a significant negative impact on the areas of local-level natural reserves,while having no significant impact on the areas of national-level natural reserves.(4) As the opportunity cost increased,the size of a single natural reserve had a tendency to shrink,which could alleviate the pressure of the opportunity cost.However,the habitat of the reserve faced the risk of fragmentation,which was not conducive to biodiversity conservation.We suggest that in the process of further optimizing the layout of natural reserves,China should fully consider the impact of opportunity cost in rural areas on the establishment and management of natural reserves,improve the multi-functional protected area system with national parks as the main body,strictly approve the adjustment of the scope and functional areas of natural reserves at all levels,include objects with high ecological protection value and rich biodiversity in the protection system,and establish a diversified and market-based ecological compensation mechanism for natural reserves to alleviate the conflict between the construction of natural reserves and the development of surrounding communities,so as to achieve the dual goals of biodiversity conservation and economic development in rural areas.