周代生态资源产权制度初探

Preliminary Study on Property Rights of Ecological Resource System in the Zhou Dynasty

周代初步建立氏族共有、国家公有和个人私有等原始的多元化生态资源产权制度。其中,远郊生态资源为氏族共有产权制度,所有权、使用权均属于氏族及成员;近郊生态资源,特别是物产富饶的河套地区的生态资源为国家公有产权制度,以苑囿为载体,实施生态资源抚育与开发相分离、成本与收益不对等的二元管理模式,国有苑囿由全民公产蜕变为王室专产;东周后,国有苑囿的低水平供给与全社会的高增长需求之间的矛盾突出,迫使各诸侯国开启苑囿去公有化改革和建立个人私有产权。

The pluralistic property system of ecological resource was initially established in Zhou Dynasty,including clan common owned property,national public owned property and individual private property.In particular,the ownership and use of ecological resources in the distant suburbs belonged to the clans and their members;in the near suburbs,especially in the fertile river-loop area,the property rights of the state were public,and a dualistic management mode was implemented in which the cultivation and development of ecological resources were separated and the costs and benefits were not equal with the state-owned court being transformed from public property to the exclusive property of the royal family.After the Eastern Zhou Dynasty,the contradiction between the low level of supply and the high demand of society as a whole forced the vassal states to reform the court and establish the individual private property.