秦代县官田管理--以岳麓秦简《县官田令》为中心

Management of County Official Field in the Qin Dynasty:Focus on the County Officials’Field Order from Yuelu Qin Bamboo Slips

岳麓秦简《县官田令》是秦代针对县官田及管理者“田官”颁布的法令条文,一方面保证田徒的供应,并以考课督促“田官”勤于生产;另一方面对“田官”为自身业绩侵害其他部门、低级官吏和百姓权利的行为进行禁止,并对犯令者严惩,相关案件还要上报中央。这些禁令针对已发生的具体现象予以禁止,实质是对制度弊端的修补。在统一的新形势下,秦代国家仍沿用农战体制,对“田官”吏课殿者予以严惩,必然导致资源抢夺事件的发生,而对此类事件的禁令又增加了“田官”吏受罚的可能。秦代地方矛盾迅速激化及秦吏反秦情绪的原因,由此可见一斑。

County Officials’Field Order of Yuelu Qin Bamboo Slips was a decree issued for the fields of government offices in counties and the"agriculture officials".On one hand,it guaranteed the supply of labor convicts of fields and urged the"agriculture officials"to be diligent in production through examinations;On the other hand,"agriculture officials"were prohibited from infringing on the rights of other departments,low-level officials,and people for their own performance.There were severe punishments for offenders,and related cases had to be reported to the central government.These injunctions banned specific phenomena that had occurred,which was essentially amendment to the shortcomings of the system.Under the new unified situation,the Qin Dynasty still used the agriculture-warfare system and severely punished"agriculture officials",which would inevitably lead to the occurrence of resource grabbing incidents,and the ban on such incidents had increased the possibility of punishment for"agriculture officials".The reasons for rapid intensification of local conflicts in the Qin Dynasty and the Qin officials’anti-government sentiment can be seen.