清季云南边疆民族地区改土归流研究--以镇康地区为例

Study on Bureaucratization of Native Chieftains in Yunnan Border Ethnic Areas in Qing Dynasty-A Case Study of Zhenkang Area

镇康地处滇边民族地区,自明初便由土司刀闷氏控制,世袭至清末;清季,清政府在边疆危机的冲击下,亟须转变治边理念;同时,清末镇康因土司袭位之争出现重大内讧,导致社会动荡;因此,清政府筹谋在镇康地区实行改土归流,并视为治理滇边的重要举措;光绪三十三年(1907),在云贵总督锡良等地方官员的推动下,开始对镇康地区进行经济、政治、军事等方面的革新,加强对镇康地区的管理。尽管受到各种阻力,但清政府仍努力推进改革。此举作为清政府最后十年在云南进行的最大规模的改土归流活动,深刻影响了镇康近代社会的发展。

Zhenkang was located in yunnan border ethnic area,which was controlled by Dao Geng fami⁃ly from the beginning of Ming Dynasty to the end of Qing Dynasty.In the Qing Dynasty,under the im⁃pact of the border crisis,the Qing government urgently needed to change its philosophy of border gover⁃nance.At the same time,at the end of the Qing Dynasty,there was a major internal conflict in Zhenk⁃ang due to the succession of the chieftain family,resulting in social unrest.Therefore,the Qing govern⁃ment made a plan to bureaucratize the native chieftains in Zhenkang area,which was regarded as an im⁃portant measure to govern the Border area of Yunnan.In the thirty-third year of Guangxu(1907),under the promotion of Xiliang,governor of Yunnan-Guizhou and other local officials,economic,political and military reforms were carried out in Zhenkang area.Despite various resistance,the Qing government still pushed forward with reform.As the largest bureaucratization activity carried out in Yunnan in the late years of the Qing Dynasty,it profoundly influenced the development of modern society in Zhenk⁃ang,strengthened the communication and integration of ethnic groups,and also made certain contribu⁃tions to the stability of border ethnic areas.