摘要
以砂姜黑土区小麦玉米轮作制为研究对象,探讨不同有机肥替代化肥比例对小麦、玉米产量和土壤物理、化学性质的影响,为砂姜黑土区有机肥合理施用提供理论依据。2012—2020年,在安徽省蒙城县开展了定位试验,试验设置不施氮肥对照(CK)、常量化肥(F)、在常量化肥基础上有机肥氮替代20%化肥氮(F_(0.8)M_(0.2))、在常量化肥基础上有机肥氮替代40%化肥氮(F_(0.6)M_(0.4))、在常量化肥基础上有机肥氮替代60%化肥氮(F_(0.4)M_(0.6))、在常量化肥基础上有机肥氮替代80%化肥氮(F_(0.2)M_(0.8))、有机肥氮替代100%化肥氮(M)等7个处理,小区面积30 m^(2),重复3次。结果表明:有机肥替代比例为20%时,小麦多年平均产量增加1.8%,玉米上有机肥替代比例为40%时,多年平均产量增加0.2%,随有机肥替代化肥比例的增加,作物产量有降低趋势。回归分析表明,小麦上有机肥替代比例为1_(0.4)%、玉米上为25.6%时可获得最高小麦、玉米产量。随着试验年限的延长,高比例有机替代处理小麦、玉米相对产量逐渐提高。有机肥替代化肥能提高土壤pH,能降低土壤容重。有机肥替代化肥可以提高土壤有机质和全氮含量,随着有机肥替代比例的增加,土壤有机质和全氮含量呈上升趋势;有机肥替代化肥对土壤有效磷和速效钾含量的影响受磷钾素投入量、作物产量、土壤中磷钾素的有效性等因素综合影响。砂姜黑土区小麦玉米轮作下,小麦季适宜的有机替代比例为20%,玉米上为40%,高于这一比例,小麦、玉米产量下降,随着试验年限的延长,有机肥残效迭加效应增加;有机肥替代部分化肥可以改善土壤生态环境,提高土壤有机质和全氮含量,提高土壤肥力水平;有机肥替代化肥作物的产量效应受有机肥替代比例、试验持续年限等众多因素的影响,只有通过连续多年的定位研究,才能得出适合区域的有机肥氮替代化肥氮的最佳比例。
To explore the effects of different ratios of chemical fertilizer replaced by organic fertilizer on the yields of wheat and maize and soil physical and chemical properties,and determine the rational application of organic fertilizer,this study was conducted under wheat-maize rotation in lime concretion black soil area.A located field experiment was carried out from 2012 to 2020 in Mengcheng County,Anhui Province,and the experiment consisted of no nitrogen(CK),conventional fertilization(F),20%chemical fertilizer replaced by manure(F_(0.8)M_(0.2)),40%chemical fertilizer replaced by manure(F_(0.6)M_(0.4)),60%chemical fertilizer replaced by manure(F_(0.4)M_(0.6)),80%chemical fertilizer replaced by manure(F_(0.2)M_(0.8)),and 100%chemical fertilizer replaced by manure(M).Each plot size was 30 m^(2)and there were three replications.The results showed that the rational organic fertilizer replacement ratio was 20%for winter wheat and 40%for maize,under which the average yield of wheat and maize respectively increased by 1.8%and 0.2%compared to that of CK.With the increase of organic fertilizer replacement ratio,the yield decreased.Regression analysis showed that when the replacement ratio was 1_(0.4)%for wheat and 25.6%for maize respectively,the yield of both crops were the highest.With the increase of planting years,the yield of high replacement ratio treatments increased.Organic fertilizer increased soil pH and decreased soil bulk density,increased soil organic matter(OM)content and total nitrogen(TN)content.The content of OM and TN showed an increasing trend with the increase of the replacement ratio of organic fertilizer.The effect of organic fertilizer replacement on soil available phosphorous(P)and available potassium(K)contents was affected by the input amount of P and K,crop yield,and the availability of P and K in soil.The optimal ratio of organic fertilizer was 20%for wheat and 40%for maize under the wheat-maize rotation.When the replacement was higher than the optimal ratio,the yield decreased,and with the increase of the planting years,the residual superposition effect increased.Organic fertilizer replacing chemical fertilizer could improve soil ecological environment,increase soil organic matter,total nitrogen content and soil fertility,and the effect is affected by many factors,such as the replacement ratio of organic fertilizer,the duration of experiment and so on.Only through continuous years of located field experiments,the optimum ratio of the chemical fertilizer replaced by organic fertilizer could be determined.
作者
王文军
王道中
WANG Wenjun;WANG Daozhong(Soil and Fertilizer Research Institute,Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Nutrient Cycling and Resource Environment of Anhui Province,Hefei 230031)
出处
《中国农学通报》
2022年第15期78-84,共7页
Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin
基金
农业基础性长期性科技工作监测任务“国家土壤质量太和观测实验站”(NAES067SQ25)
国家重点研发计划课题“淮北冬小麦化肥农药减施技术集成研究与示范”(2017YFD0201708)。
关键词
砂姜黑土
小麦/玉米轮作
作物产量
物理性质
化学性质
土壤肥力
lime concretion black soil
wheat-maize rotation
crop yield
physical properties
chemical properties
soil fertility