《民法典》连带债务适用规则的体系化解释

Systematic Interpretation of the Application of Joint and Several Debts in the Civil Code

《民法典》确立连带债务由法律规定或当事人约定的基本立场,司法审判不宜突破。《民法典》第520条明确连带债务的对外效力,对外效力分为绝对效力事项和相对效力事项。绝对效力事项一般由法律规定,相对效力事项则否。履行、抵销、提存、免除、混同、受领迟延为绝对效力事项。除此之外,判决、诉讼时效的完成和中断、连带保证的期间完成等在我国也是绝对效力事项,但债权人在保证期间内向一保证人主张权利的效力不及于其他连带保证人,系相对效力事项;对内效力方面,区分连带债务人之间追偿权和法定代位权的制度功能。连带债务法定化后,通过不真正连带债务、补充责任和相应责任、意思表示推定,赋予多数债务人“非法定”的连带效果,虽然正当,但应当“谦抑”适用,以免连带债务的实质泛化。

The Civil Code establishes the basic position that the joint and several liability is stipulated by law or agreed by the parties,and judicial practice should not break through.Article 520 of the Civil Code clarifies the external legal effects of the joint and several liability,which are divided into absolute legal effects and relative legal effects.Matters of absolute effect are generally prescribed by law,while matters of relative effect are not.Performance,set-off,deposit,exemption,confusion,and delay in acceptance are matters of absolute effect.In addition,the completion and interruption of judgment,limitation of action,and the completion of the period of joint guarantee are also absolutely effective matters in our country,but the effect of the creditor's claim to a guarantor during the guarantee period is not as effective as that of other joint guarantors,and it is a relatively effective matter.In terms of internal effect,the institutional functions of the right of recourse and the right of legal subrogation between joint and several debtors are distinguished.After the joint and several liabilities are legalized,the"non-statutory"joint and several effects are given to the majority of debtors through the presumption of unreal joint and several liability,supplementary liability,corresponding liability,and intentional expressions.Although it is legitimate,it should be applied"with modesty"to avoid the substantive generalization of joint and several liability.