传世纺织品文物除尘方法研究——以湖蓝色缎绣凤纹大卧单为例

Study of dust removal methods for handed-down textile relics--taking a lake blue satin embroidered lying sheet with a phoenix pattern as an example

传世纺织品文物表面蒙尘、污染是一种较为普遍的病害。除尘成为了传世纺织品文物保护修复过程中极为重要的一环。针对不同状态的文物,如何安全、有效、便捷地进行除尘工作成了本研究的方向。本工作主要研究原陈设于养心殿体顺堂的湖蓝色缎绣凤纹大卧单的除尘方法。首先,对现有传世纺织品文物的物理除尘方法进行归纳,总结为5种类型:吸尘法、擦拭法、震动法、粘附法和凝胶法。其次,对该文物进行全面研究,包括制作工艺、图案样式、病害分析、试验检测等。研究结果为:该文物是双层罩面罩里加四周缝网穗制作,面主要为绒线绣、捻线绣花鸟纹;黄色绣线出现合成染料酸性偶氮染料,推测可能是19世纪末至20世纪初生产;绣线纤维强度较好,绣底局部糟朽,具备一定除尘条件。再次,通过除尘实验对比博物馆专用吸尘器、真空负压液态过滤除尘设备、超细纤维布作用文物的除尘效果。实验结果确定除尘方法为:首先用博物馆专用吸尘器进行第一遍的初步除尘,然后用真空负压液态过滤除尘设备进行第二遍的精细除尘。最后,结合文物织造、刺绣的工艺特点,将文物局部特征分类为:缎底、缎面开裂、压瓣、出边、水路、绒线绣线、加捻绣线、打籽绣,并研究分析针对它们的除尘手法。相比以往的除尘研究,本研究对除尘对象的分析更为具体和深入,注重文物工艺特点、实验检测和除尘手法。除尘实验中借助显微镜观察除尘效果,便于除尘方法的选择;除尘前后借助测色仪对比各部位颜色数据,检验除尘效果。除尘中分析纤维织造、刺绣工艺形成的立体空间结构,结合真空负压液态过滤除尘设备的除尘特点,对不同部位的除尘手法进行了详细的描述。本研究梳理了传世纺织品文物的物理除尘方法,进一步分析了刺绣纺织品的除尘手法,为今后类似文物的除尘方法选择和除尘操作实施提供了一定的借鉴。

Dust and contamination on the surface of textile relics are common diseases.Dust removal has become a very important part in the conservation and restoration of handed-down textile cultural relics.For a variety of cultural relics,how to remove dust safely,effectively and conveniently has become the direction of our research.This study mainly focuses on the dust removal method for a lake blue satin embroidered lying sheet with a phoenix pattern,which was stored in Ti Shun Tang(Hall of State Satisfaction)of Yang Xin Dian(Hall of Mental Cultivation).Firstly,existing physical dust removal methods for textile cultural relics,including the vacuuming,wiping,vibration,adhesion and gel methods,are summarized in the paper.Secondly,we carried out a comprehensive study of the object,including analyses of production techniques,patterns,diseases and other testing and detection.The results show that 1)the object was double-layered with silk lace,and the surface was mainly embroidered with flower and bird patterns by non-twist yarn and twist yarn;2)it was speculated to have been produced in the late 19th or the early 20th century based on the acid azo dye found in the yellow yarn;3)embroidery threads had good fiber strength,though the fabric was partially decayed,so dust removal could be carried out.Thirdly,dust removal methods were compared using a special museum vacuum cleaner and dust removal equipment with negative pressure and liquid filtration and microfiber fabric.The dust removal method determined is as follows:using a museum special vacuum cleaner for the first preliminary dust removal,followed by the dust removal equipment with negative pressure and liquid filtration for the second fine dust removal.The local parts of the object were classified as satin fabric,cracked fabric,embroidery thread intersection,embroidery pattern edge,the thin gap between embroidery pattern,non-twist yarn embroidery,twist yarn embroidery and seed embroidery,according to the characteristics of the weaving and embroidery,and a study and analysis of the dust removal.Compared with previous studies,the analyses of the object in this study are more specific and in-depth,focusing on the technical characteristics,experimental detection and dust removal techniques.In the dust removal experiments,the dust removal effects were observed with the help of microscopes,which was conducive to the selection of dust removal methods.Before and after dust removal,the color data of each part were compared with the help of a colorimeter to check the effects of dust removal.In the process of dust removal,three-dimensional space structures formed by fiber weaving and embroidery techniques were analyzed.In combination with the characteristics of the dust removal equipment with negative pressure and liquid filtration,the dust removal techniques of different parts are described in detail.In this paper,physical dust removal methods for handed-down textile relics are reviewed.The dust removal methods for embroidered textiles are further analyzed.This work can be used as a reference for the selection and operation of dust removal methods for similar cultural relics in the future.