秦始皇“收天下兵”事发微——以岳麓秦简所见秦代民间兵器的回收与限制为中心

An Examination into the First Emperor of Qin’s Command to"Collect the Weapons of the Realm":Based on the Collection and Restriction of Weapons among the Public Recorded in the Yuelu Qin Manuscripts

秦统一后“收天下兵”,重视对民间兵器的回收与限制。据岳麓秦简,“私挟县官兵令”要求回收民间仍可使用的官兵器,政策意图在于补充军备,以支持秦军的统一战争及统一后的内外军事行动;而“令十一”与“新黔首挟剑兵长刀令”等,则更多是对新黔首所持私兵器作出限制,长兵器是其关注的方面,此举意在形成秦在新占领地区对重型武器的垄断,削弱关东民间反抗力量。在这种认识下,贾谊所谓“收天下之兵”“以弱天下之民”,或需重新理解。

After the unification under the Qin the command to"Collect the weapons of the realm"was issued.It focuses on the collection and restriction of weapons among the public.Based on the"Law of Carrying Official Weapons In Secret"私挟县官兵令 from the Yuelu Qin Bamboo Slips,it was required to retrieve usable official weapons among the public.The policy was meant to supplement military supplies to support the unification war and other military movements afterwards.Laws such as the"Law Eleven"令十一 and the"Law for Carrying Swords and Long-Handled Sabres by the New People""新黔首挟剑兵长刀令"were more about imposing restrictions on the private holding weapons of new citizens,with a special focus on long weapons.These laws were intended to establish a state monopoly on heavy weaponry in the newly-occupied territories and to weaken the potential to revolt from people in Northeast China.With this in mind,we need to reinterpret what Jia Yi 贾谊 referred to as"To collect the weapons from the realm"in order"to weaken the people of the realm".