美国国家实验室的建立和发展--对美国能源部国家实验室的历史考察

The Origin and Development of National Laboratory in the United States--A historical study of the U.S.Department of Energy's National Laboratories

美国能源部国家实验室在美国国家创新体系建设中占居重要位置,是国家实验室的一个典型代表,其发展经验对中国国家实验室建设具有重要的参考价值。本文以美国学术界的相关研究和政策文献为基础,对美国国家实验室的起源和发展做一探讨,分为三个时期:曼哈顿计划时期.(1943-1946)、原子能委员会时期(1947-1974)和能源部时期(1977年至今),并对每一个时期的发展特点做了概述。研究表明,美国能源部国家实验室是满足和适应国家不同时期的战略需求而发展的。文章指出,使命导向、以应用导向的核心能力形成和扩展、重视人才和突破旧模式的局限是美国国家实验室建设和发展的主要成功因素。

The national laboratories of the U.S.Department of Energy play an important role in the construction of the national innovation system of the United States,and is a typical representative of the national laboratories.Its development experience has important reference significance for the construction of China's national laboratory.Based on the relevant research and policy literature of American academia,this paper discusses the origin and development of the national laboratory of the United States,which is divided into three periods:the Manhattan Project period(1943-1946),the ATOMIC Energy Commission period(1947-1974)and the Department of Energy period(1977-present).The research shows that DOE'national laboratories have been developed to meet and adapt to the different strategic needs of the United States,and the development characteristics of each period are summarized.It points out that mission-oriented,application-oriented core competence formation and expansion,talent and breakthrough are the main successful factors for the construction and development of national laboratories in the United States.