《史记》“以吕易嬴”叙事与司马迁的“国嗣”忧思

Narration of Yi Lv Yi Ying in Historical Records and Sima Qian’s Thoughts on Succession of the Crown

司马迁在《史记》“以吕易嬴”叙事中,运用“互见”笔法,塑造了吕不韦、春申君、嫪毐、李园等通过改变他人血嗣谋夺政权的人物群像,并将他们的行为与对“国嗣”发挥关键作用的后妃的事迹“耦合”起来,揭示了专制权力传承的内在困境。司马迁如此运笔,是因为“国嗣”危机也是深刻影响他所处的西汉时期政治生态的现实问题。《吕太后本纪》《外戚世家》等篇的设立、书写反映出他对现实的深切忧虑。“巫蛊之祸”和“王莽篡权”等事变的发生,不但印证了司马迁对于“国嗣”忧虑的现实针对性,也显示出他洞察古今的卓越史识。

In the story about Lv Buwei offering pregnant women to King Zhuang Xiang to seek the Qin regime,Sima Qian portrayed Lv Buwei,Chun Shen Jun,Lao Ai and Li Yuan as typical figures by changing consanguinity relationship of others to seize the regime,and embeded their behavior in stories of the imperial concubines who played a key role on succession of the crown,by the description method of“Hujian”.The above arrangement reveals the inner dilemma of the inheritance of autocratic power.Sima Qian’s arrangement is for the crisis of“national heirs”was also a practical problem that deeply affected the political ecology in the Western Han Dynasty when Sima Qian lived.It also reflected his deep concerns of reality from the text structure and content of The Biography of Empress Dowager Lv and The emperor’s Mother or Wife’s Family.The occurrence of“the Calamity of Witchcraft”and“the Usurpation of Wang Mang”not only confirmed the reality of Sima Qian’s concern,but also showed his profound insight into ancient and modern.