Revisiting the death of geography in the era of Big Data:the friction of distance in cyberspace and real space

Many scholars have argued that the importance of geographic proximity in human interactions has been diminished by the use of the Internet,while others disagree with this argument.Studies have noted the distance decay effect in both cyberspace and real space,showing that interactions occur with an inverse relationship between the number of interactions and the distance between the locations of the interactors.However,these studies rarely provide strong evidence to show the influence of distance on interactions in cyberspace,nor do they quantify the differences in the amount of friction of distance between cyberspace and real space.To fill this gap,this study used massive amounts of social media data(Twitter)to compare the influence of distance decay on human interactions between cyberspace and real space in a quantitative manner.To estimate the distance decay effect in both cyberspace and real space,the distance decay function of interactions in each space was modeled.Estimating the distance decay in cyberspace in this study can help predict the degree of information flow across space through social media.Measuring how far ideas can be diffused through social media is useful for users of location-based services,policy advocates,public health officials,and political campaigners.