稀土产业链关键产品贸易网络演变及启示

Evolution of the global trade networks of critical rare earth products and its implications

通过构建2000、2010、2017年稀土资源型产品、功能材料和最终产品的国际贸易网络,解析了稀土产业链关键产品的全球贸易流动特征和主要国家/地区之间的贸易关系,发现稀土关键产品的贸易网络结构趋向复杂化,而各国的贸易关系、地位及其分工呈现异质性,体现在:(1)网络中存在少数关键国家掌握了绝大多数的贸易关系和贸易量,关键国家的贸易变动可能导致全球性的稀土供应中断;(2)中国、美国和日本等太平洋沿岸国家在稀土资源型产品和功能材料贸易网络中占据主导地位,而丹麦和德国等欧洲国家则始终是最终产品贸易网络的核心国家;(3)以中国为代表的发展中国家仍处于全球稀土产业链的中低端,扮演着资源提供者和中间产品生产基地的角色。因此,建议采取如下措施提升中国在全球稀土产业链中的地位:(1)放宽稀土原材料的进口政策,充分利用国际国内多种来源的稀土矿产资源;(2)提高稀土低端功能材料的出口关税及企业出口资质门槛,引导企业开发和生产中高端功能材料;(3)通过财政补贴和出口退税等方式鼓励制造企业研发高技术产品,提高出口产品的附加值和高技术含量。

With the increased exchange of the rare earth products among various countries,an international rare earth trade network is formed,reshaping the division of the global rare earth supply chain and the geopolitical pattern.By constructing a trade network for the global rare earth resource-based products,functional materials,and final products trade network in 2000,2010,and 2017,the global trade flow characteristics of the rare earth resources and the trade relations between major countries or regions are comprehensively shown.It is shown that the rare earth network structure is rather complicated,with heterogeneous trade relations,status,and divisions of countries.The main findings are as follows:(1)The majority of trade relationships and trade amounts are highly concentrated in some critical countries,the supply of the whole trade network would fail,once the critical countries are in trouble;(2)China,the United States,Japan,and other Pacific Rim countries occupy a dominant position in the trade network of the rare earth resource-based products and functional materials;However,Denmark,Germany,and other European countries always occupy a dominant position in the trade network of the final products;(3)The developing countries(e.g.,China)only occupy the dominant position in the trade network for the front and middle end products in the rare earths supply chain and play the role of the resource supplier and the intermediate product production factory.Therefore,it is suggested that China should take the following actions:(1)relax the restrictions of the rare earth raw materials import policy and diversify the sources of the rare earth raw materials;(2)increase the export tariff of the low-end functional rare earth materials;(3)encourage the rare earth enterprises to produce and develop the final high-tech and high value-added products.