中国家庭结构变化及存在问题研究

Analysis of the Trend and Problems of Chinese Family Structure in the New Era

本文以全国人口普查数据和中国社会状况综合调查数据为基础,研究中国家庭户规模、结构的变化趋势和面临的问题,并得出以下主要结论。(1)家庭同住人口由3人及以上为主向3人及以下为主转变;1人户的比例迅速上升,且速度有加快趋势;2020年人口普查1人户占25.39%,2人户占29.68%,CSS调查数据中同住人口2人户比例也超过四分之一。(2)同住家庭代际结构由2代、3代为主向2代、1代为主转变。(3)主观认同家庭的人口数量和代际结构转变都落后于同住家庭;城镇和乡村家庭结构无论是主观认同还是家庭居住都具有明显的同质化倾向。(4)家庭成员的主观认同依旧以夫妻轴、父子轴、从夫居为主,表现出单系倚重的特点:已婚儿子及儿媳被认同的比例高于女儿和女婿;男方父母被认同的比例远远高于女方父母。(5)家庭成员实际同住呈现出以夫妻为轴心、父系倚重特点,并与主观认同有不同程度的分离。

Based on data from the population census and the Chinese Social Survey,this paper studies the trend and problems of Chinese household size and structure and draws the following conclusions.(1)In most households,the number of family members who co-reside has decreased from at least 3 to 3 or less.(2)The main intergenerational structure of households with family members living together has changed from two and three generations to two generations and one generation.(3)The self-reported family size and the transformation of intergenerational structure lag behind the number of family members living together.(4)The subjective identification of family members is still determined by the husband-wife axis,father-son axis,and patrilocal residence,showing the characteristics of son preference.(5)Family members’co-residence is characterized by the husband-wife axis and paternal dependence,to some extent different from the identification of family members.