Non-contact optical characterization of negative pressure in hydrogel voids and microchannels

Negative pressure in water under tension,as a thermodynamic non-equilibrium state,has facilitated the emergence of inno-vative technologies on microfluidics,desalination,and thermal management.However,the lack of a simple and accurate method to measure negative pressure hinders further in-depth understanding of the properties of water in such a state.In this work,we propose a non-contact optical method to quantify the negative pressure in micron-sized water voids of a hydrogel film based on the microscale mechanical deformation of the hydrogel itself.We tested three groups of hydrogel samples with different negative pressure inside,and the obtained results fit well with the theoretical prediction.Furthermore,we demonstrated that this method can characterize the distribution of negative pressure,and can thus provide the possibility of investigation of the flow behavior of water in negative pressure.These results prove this technique to be a promising approach to characterization of water under tension and for investigation of its properties under negative pressure.