历程、特征与优化:我国中小学生学业负担治理研究

Study on the Governance of Studies Burden in Primary and Middle School Students in China:History,Characteristics and Optimization

学业负担过重长期困扰着我国基础教育的发展,也严重损害了中小学生的身心健康,而治理中小学生学业负担自新中国成立以来便成为国家关注点。在治理中小学生学业负担的历程中,参与主体不断变迁,由学校和政府是治理的重要主体发展到家庭和社会也开始被纳入治理主体,家庭和社会从被视为治理执行的监督力量发展到协同治理,最后也成为治理执行的重要主体;治理内容也不断变化,以关注学生身体健康为核心转变为以缓解升学压力为重点,然后转变为以推进素质教育为目标,继而转变为以推动基础教育课程改革为动力,最后逐渐转变为以发展学生核心素养能力促使学生全面发展为宗旨;治理方法在治理依据上由行政引导转向制度规范,治理过程则从单一治理转向为综合治理,治理结果则由成效不显转向“忧喜参半”。深层次分析治理中小学生学业负担的历程可发现,负担治理呈现出参与主体逐渐多元但各自为政;治理内容逐渐丰富但存在重复性;治理方法以自上而下推进为主但弱化了学校教育功能等特征。学业负担治理的优化,需增强各参与主体的凝聚力,形成治理合力;治理内容精准靶向学情,同时聚焦学校教育“质效”双增以及推行综合治理与分类治理相结合的治理方法。

the excessive studies burden had long plagued the development of China’s basic education and seriously damaged the physical and mental health of primary and middle school students.The governance of the studies burden had become a national concern since the founding of New China.In the process of managing the studies burden of students,the participants were constantly changing:the school and the government were the important subjects of governance,then the family and society also began to be included in the governance participation,from being regarded as the supervisor of governance to collaborative governance,and finally became the important subjects of governance.The contents of governance were also constantly changing:from focusing on students’health to focusing on alleviating the pressure of entering a higher school,to promoting quality education,to promoting the curriculum reform of basic education,and finally to promoting students’all-round development.In terms of governance methods,the governance basis had changed from document guidance to institutional norms,the governance process had changed from single governance to comprehensive governance,and the governance results had changed from ineffectiveness to"mixed Success and failure".A deep analysis of the history of managing the studies burden shows there are the following characteristics:the subjects of burden management are gradually diversified,but each does their own things;the contents of governance are gradually enriched,but there are repeatability;the governance method focuses on top-down promotion,which weakens of school education function.To optimize the governance of studies burden,we need to enhance the cohesion of all participants and form a governance force;the governance content accurately targets the sdudy situation of students,and focuses on the double increase of"quality and efficiency"of school education,we need to promote the combination of comprehensive governance and classified governance.