托洛茨基与新经济政策——基于与斯大林、布哈林等相比较的视域

Trotsky and New Economic Policy:Through Comparison with Stalin’s and Bukharin’s

围绕新经济政策,托洛茨基在列宁去世前后的党内论争中提出了一系列重要的经济思想,既与列宁达成了相当的共识,也存在着侧重点的不同。托洛茨基强调新经济政策应以发展国有大工业为中心,以此作为平衡工农业、以社会主义因素主导资本主义因素的枢纽。且由于以国有工业为中心,因此强调“统一计划”的地位。托洛茨基与布哈林在经济发展上提出了两种对立的思路;而1928年后斯大林的“超工业化”、强制农业集体化不仅与托洛茨基的渐进政策有量的不同,也有质的差别。托洛茨基不是“先知”,其视域中也有严重的盲点;但他的工业化思想,工人民主基础上的计划经济思想,以工业为枢纽扼制阶级分化、实现工农业平衡的思想,则不仅是对经典马克思主义十分宝贵的发展,且至今也对社会主义国家的实践具有启示意义。

On the problem of New Economic Policy, Trotsky put forward a series of important economic thoughts in the inner-party debates before and after Lenin’s death, which not only reached a considerable consensus with Lenin, but also had different emphases. Trotsky stressed that the New Economic Policy should focus on the development of large state-owned industry, which would balance industry and agriculture and subordinate capitalist factors to socialist factors. And because the state-owned industry was treated as the center, the status of “an integrated plan” was emphasized. Trotsky and Bukharin put forward two opposite ideas on economic development. After 1928, Stalin’s “super industrialization” and forced agricultural collectivization were not only quantitatively different from Trotsky’s progressive policy, but also qualitatively different. Trotsky was not a “prophet”, and there were serious blind spots in Trotsky’s vision. However, his thought of industrialization, the thought of planned economy based on workers’ democracy, and the thought that the industry should be the hub to curb class differentiation and realize the balance between industry and agriculture are not only very valuable developments of classical Marxism, but also enlightening to the present practice of socialist countries.