陆海统筹视域下的中国食物与营养安全

Food and nutrition security in China from the perspective of land-ocean coordination

食物与营养安全研究是长期粮食安全研究的延伸,也是人民追求健康和美好生活的现实需求,而树立大食物观,统筹陆海食物系统可以更加全面地反映出食物与营养安全状况。本文基于食物营养成分视角,利用食物营养转化模型核算2003—2018年中国食物营养的生产和需求量,运用食物营养富缺指数刻画出中国食物与营养安全的整体态势。结果表明:(1)中国食物营养成分产量均在增长,但增长速度和食物贡献率有所差异;谷物类是热量、蛋白质和氨基酸的第一大食物来源和增长贡献者,而脂肪和脂肪酸主要来源于肉类;海域食物营养成分产量较小,但在单位营养含量、食物多样性以及未来发展潜力上都存在一定的优势。(2)考虑人口结构变化,中国食物热量、蛋白质和脂肪的需求总量逐年上升,涨幅分别达到6.9%、7.6%和7.0%,人口增长是中国食物营养需求增长的第一大驱动力;而中国食物营养的人日均需求量呈现下降趋势,从侧面反映出中国人口老龄化问题。(3)中国蛋白质供应一直处于绝对安全水平,热量长期处于相对安全及以上水平,脂肪长期处于相对安全和供应不足的水平。(4)中国食物损失和浪费量惊人,这也使中国热量和脂肪滞后4~9年进入相对安全和绝对安全水平。

The study of food and nutrition security is an extension of China’s long-term food security research, and it is also a requirement for pursuing a healthy life. The food system under the big food concept and land-ocean coordination can more comprehensively reflect the food and nutrition security situation in China. Based on the perspective of food nutrition composition, this study calculated the production and demand of food nutrition in China from 2003 to 2018 by using the food nutrition transformation model. The overall situation of China’s food and nutrition security was described by using the food nutrition surplus and lack index. The results show that:(1)The output of food nutrients was increasing in China, but the rate of growth and contribution of different types of food were different. Grain was the largest food source and growth contributor of energy, protein, and amino acids, while fat and fatty acids were mainly derived from meat. The output of marine food nutrients was small, but marine food has certain advantages in terms of unit nutrient content, food diversity, and future development potential.(2) Considering the changes in the population structure, China’s demand of food energy, protein, and fat was increasing year by year, and the growth rate reached 6.9%, 7.6%, and 7.0% respectively. Population growth is the primary driving force for the growth of food nutrition demand in China, but the average demand of per capita and per diem food nutrition presents a downward trend, reflecting population aging in China.(3) Protein supply in China has always been at an absolutely safe level, energy supply has been at a relatively safe or above level for a long time, and fat supply has been at a relatively safe or inadequate level for a long time.(4) The amount of food loss and waste in China is alarming—its average annual volume can meet the basic food and nutrition needs of 244 to 539 million people, which also prevents China from entering energy and fat relatively safe and absolutely safe levels for 4 to 9 years.