利他行为的遗传基础:来自定量遗传学和分子遗传学的证据

The role of genes in altruistic behavior:Evidence from quantitative genetics and molecular genetics

利他行为是指个体耗损自身资源帮助他人的行为。近年来,研究者关注利他行为的遗传基础,基于定量遗传学和分子遗传学两类研究方法,探讨了利他行为的遗传率,证实利他行为确实受遗传所影响,以及发现了4类利他候选基因,包括多巴胺受体基因、5-羟色胺转运体基因、催产素受体基因、和加压素受体基因,并在此基础上讨论环境在基因对利他影响中的作用。一方面基因与环境相关联,二者共同影响利他行为,即基因-环境相关;另一方面基因的效应受环境影响,即差别易感性模型。未来研究需拓展神经生物系统探索,注重全基因组研究、元分析和机制探索,进行系统的环境干预实践。

Altruistic behavior is a behavior that benefits others at a cost to oneself.Recently,researchers have focused on the role of genes in altruistic behavior.Based on quantitative and molecular genetics,the heritability of altruism is summarized,demonstrating the influence of heredity on altruistic behavior,and four categories of altruism-related candidate genes are discussed,including dopamine receptor genes,serotonin transporter genes,oxytocin receptor genes,and vasopressin receptor genes.Then,an in-depth discussion of the influence of the environment on the relationship between genetics and altruism is included.On the one hand,genotype is associated with an environment that jointly influences altruistic behavior,known as gene–environment correlation;on the other hand,the effect of genetics on altruistic behavior is influenced by the environment,which is known as the differential susceptibility model.Future research needs to expand on and further explore the effect of neurobiological systems on altruistic behavior,which may focus on genomewide research,meta-analysis,mechanism exploration,and systematic environmental intervention practice.