甜菜生产机械化发展分析

Analysis on the Development of Sugar Beet Production Mechanization

甜菜是制糖的原料之一,在我国已有100多年的种植历史。调查发现甜菜种植已实现规模化,户均种植面积达到了18.27 hm^(2),种植密度平均达到了7.40万株/hm^(2),产量平均达到了60.94 t/hm^(2),含糖率平均为15.37%;甜菜综合机械化水平为88.39%,耕整地机械化水平为97.01%,播种机械化水平为88.87%,田间管理机械化水平为90.88%,收获机械化水平达到81.77%;甜菜主要竞争作物玉米、向日葵、马铃薯、大豆和棉花综合机械化水平分别为90.51%、74.86%、80.38%、96.93%和69.50%,玉米是甜菜最重要的竞争作物,玉米机械化水平高于甜菜2.12个百分点,对甜菜种植影响较大;甜菜机械化模式主要以自有机械作业加代耕模式为主,也有部分甜菜种植采用自有机械作业模式或代耕模式。尽管我国甜菜生产机械化整体达到了较高水平,但这种高水平是建立在低质量国产甜菜生产机械基础上的,大量国产甜菜生产机械结构简单、自动化程度低、质量不高、作业精度差、损失率高。

Sugar beet is one of the raw materials for sugar production,which has been planted for more than 100 years in China.The investigation showed that sugar beet planting was on a large scale,with mean household of 18.27 hm^(2),planting density of 74000 plants/hm^(2),yield of 60.94 t/hm^(2),and sugar content of 15.37%;The comprehensive mechanization rate was 88.39% for sugar beet,including the rates of 97.01%,88.87%,90.88% and 81.77% for tillage and land preparation,sowing,field management and harvesting,respectively;The comprehensive mechanization rates of corn,sunflower,potato,soybean and cotton were 90.51%,74.86%,80.38%,96.93% and 69.50%,respectively.Corn was the most important competitive crop to sugar beet,and the mechanization level of corn was 2.12 percentage points higher than sugar beet,which has a great impact on sugar beet planting;Beet mechanization mode was mainly self-owned machines operation and substitute farming mode,and some sugar beet farmers adopt self-owned machines operation mode or substitute farming mode.Although the mechanization of sugar beet production reached a high level in China,this high level was based on low-quality domestic sugar beet machines.A large number of domestic sugar beet machines had simple structure,low automation degree,low quality,poor operation accuracy and high loss rate.