小胶质细胞的吞噬作用与神经退行性疾病的研究进展

Research Progress of Microglia Phagocytosis and Neurodegenerative Diseases

小胶质细胞是中枢神经系统中最常见的固有免疫细胞。静息状态下,小胶质细胞呈分支状,具有免疫监视和神经营养功能;当中枢受到内源性或外源性刺激时,小胶质细胞可迅速活化为阿米巴样巨噬细胞,发挥细胞免疫和吞噬作用。小胶质细胞的吞噬作用由不同类型的细胞表面受体及下游信号通路介导,具有吞噬病原体、清除细胞碎片和死亡细胞残体等作用。其吞噬作用异常与多种神经退行性疾病的病理过程相关。虽然目前关于小胶质细胞的表型转化及细胞免疫机制的研究已取得一定进展,但对其吞噬作用的研究相对较少。因此,小胶质细胞的适度吞噬可作为一种新的神经退行性疾病治疗策略。

Microglia are the most common innate immune cells in the central nervous system.At rest,microglia are branched,which mainly play the immune monitoring and neurotrophic functions.When the center is stimulated by endogenous or exogenous stimuli,microglia can quickly activate into amebic macrophages to play cellular immunity and phagocytosis.The phagocytosis of microglia is mediated by different types of cell surface receptors and downstream signal pathways.It plays a role in phagocytosis of pathogens,removal of cell debris and dead cell residues.The abnormal phagocytosis is related to the pathological process of a variety of neurodegenerative diseases.Although the studies on phenotypic transformation and cellular immune mechanism of microglia have been made a certain progress,there is relatively little research on its phagocytosis.Therefore,phagocytosis of microglia can be used as a new treatment strategy for neurodegenerative diseases.