水下文化遗产保护和展示阐释方式的演进

The Evolution of Underwater Cultural Heritage Protection, Exhibition and Interpretation

水下文化遗产是文化、自然、社会的连接。自然资源、山形地势影响航线的选择,地貌、海床和洋流影响船舶沉没和分布,伴随海上贸易形成的港口、海防、助航设施、特色民居、宗教建筑等陆上文化遗产及其景观环境,以及信仰、祭祀活动等非物质文化遗产,均与水下文化遗产的形成和保存有关。从20世纪五六十年代通行的沉船考古调查发掘、提取打捞进行博物馆展示,到20世纪70年代水下博物馆、沉船框架、沉船保护区等文物本体原址展示阐释方式,再到沉船公园、潜水廊道等侧重文物环境和伴生生物资源利用的综合性展示阐释方式,以及涵盖自然、文化资源的海洋保护区的演进,反映了水下文化遗产价值、保护管理及阐释的特性。多种保护和展示阐释方式的选取和结合,区域性综合保护对不同保护强度和利用方式的区分,需要精细化的水下文化遗产保护管理措施,而非简单地将文物留存在原址。随着大运河国家文化公园建设的推进,博物馆展陈如何体现运河的环境和自然资源、社会文化和区域性保护和阐释新实践是具有前瞻性的问题。

Underwater cultural heritage is the link between culture, nature and the society.Underwater cultural heritage is mostly accompanied by trade, religion and other marine cultural heritage factors, and is inseparable from its landscape, environment and natural resources. There is an evolution in approach from underwater investigations and shipwreck salvage for museum installation, to underwater museums and shipwreck protection zone that focus on the display and interpretation of the remains, and towards underwater parks and marine protective areas that emphasize on both natural and cultural factors. The last approach is more in line with characteristics that reflect the values of underwater cultural heritage and its protection, management and interpretation. The selection and combination of multiple conservation and interpretation methods, regional differences in levels of protection and utilization methods, and refinements of underwater cultural heritage protection and management measures are preferred, rather than simply leaving them in the original site.