论禁止滥用权利——兼评《总则编解释》第3条

On Prohibiting the Abuse of Rights:A Comment on Article 3 of Interpretation of General Provisions of the Civil Code of the PRC

《民法典》总则编第五章构建了完整的民事权益体系,并在该章最后一条(即第132条)规定了禁止滥用权利规则。该制度的正当性基础在于规范权利行使、协调权利冲突、实现利益平衡、维护诚信原则。滥用权利的构成要件应当结合《总则编解释》第3条与《民法典》的规定予以确定,其主要包括权利人必须行使自身的权利、权利人选择以致他人损害为主要目的的方式行使权利、权利人行使权利的行为侵害了他人合法权益;同时应当以动态系统论和民事权益位阶作为认定滥用权利的补充方式。在滥用权利造成他人损害、符合侵权责任的构成要件时,应依据《民法典》侵权责任编的规定认定行为人的责任。构成滥用权利的,不发生权利人期待的相应的法律效力;如造成他人损害,还可能产生侵权责任,并可能导致失权的效果。

Chinese Civil Code establishes a complete system of civil rights and interests,and the last article of the Chapter 5 of the General Provisions of the book(namely Article 132) stipulates the rules of prohibition of abuse of rights.The legitimacy of the system lies in regulating the exercise of rights,coordinating rights conflicts,realizing the balance of interests,and maintaining the principle of good faith.The constituent elements of abuse of rights should be determined in combination with Article 3 of the Interpretation of the General Provisions and the provisions of the Civil Code,which mainly include that the right holder must exercise his own rights,the right holder chooses to exercise rights in a manner that causes damage to others as the main purpose,and the right holder exercising their rights infringes upon the legitimate rights and interests of others;at the same time,dynamic system theory and civil rights rank should be used as supplementary methods to identify abuse of rights.When the abuse of rights causes damage to others and meets the constituent elements of tort liability,the responsibility of the perpetrator should be determined in accordance with the provisions of the Tort Liability Section of the Civil Code.If it constitutes abuse of rights,the corresponding legal effect expected by the right holder will not occur;if it causes damage to others,it may also generate tort liability,but generally it will not lead to the effect of loss of rights.