英语轭配、汉语拈连标记对比及辞格效应探蹊:原型——模型视角

A survey of mark contrast and rhetorical effect between English zeugma and Chinese nianlian from the perspective of prototype-model

本文基于原型—模型理论探讨英语轭式搭配和汉语拈连在涵义、构式、表征和语义功能上的异同。研究发现,一方面,人类认知客观世界的原型性决定英语轭配与汉语拈连享有相同或相近的标记特征:1)非标记项比较具体,标记项相对抽象;2)标记项依存于非标记项临时形成的语境关系;3)标记项与非标记项有逻辑语义联系;4)修辞构式意在强调标记项表达的语义关系。另一方面,出于人类语言临摹客观世界的模型性缘故,英语轭配和汉语拈连亦有明显区别:1)英语轭配在第一个自然搭配之后使用强行搭配,此搭配不仅无歧义,反而变得诙谐、有趣,寓意更深刻。汉语拈连也用强行搭配,但不可出现歧义,否则就成了病句;2)汉语拈连多用重复和排比,零句、整句混合交错组成流水句,使用拈词较多。相对于结构较为庞杂的汉语拈连,英语轭配构式规范缜密,呈现聚集型,常伴有省略同现。

Based on the prototype-model theory, this paper explores the similarities and dissimilarities of English zeugma and Chinese nianlian in meaning, construction, representation, and semantic function. It is found that, on the one hand, the prototypical nature of the human cognition of the objective world determines that English zeugma and Chinese nianlian have the same or similar mark characteristics: 1) unmarked items are more specific and marked ones relatively abstract;2) marked items rely on the establishment of a context relationship that is temporarily formed by unmarked items;3) there is a logical semantic connection between marked and unmarked items;and 4) the whole rhetorical construction is intended to emphasize the semantic relationship expressed by marked items. On the other hand, due to the model nature of human language that copies the objective world, there is still a clear difference between English zeugma and Chinese nianlian: 1) English zeugma is used after the first natural match that has no ambiguity but becomes witty, interesting, and more profound instead. Chinese nianlian also utilizes forced matches, which, however, cannot possess ambiguity and otherwise becomes a sick sentence;and 2) Chinese nianlian employs more repetition and parallelism along with minor and full sentences mixed and staggered into run-on ones. Compared with the complex structure of Chinese nianlian, English zeugma is more normal and strict in construction,presenting aggregation often accompanied by omission.