秸秆还田对土壤理化性质及水肥状况影响的研究进展

The Effects of Straw Incorporation on Physicochemical Properties of Soil: A Review

农作物秸秆是农作物的重要光合产物和最主要的副产品,资源十分丰富。其富含氮、磷、钾等元素,是农业生态系统中一种十分宝贵的生物质资源,利用潜力巨大。秸秆还田是最主要的秸秆资源化利用方式,具有改良土壤、保水控盐和培肥增产等显著效果。本文系统整理和总结了2012年以来秸秆还田对土壤理化性质、水盐运移、土壤肥力及作物产量、负面影响及防治措施的研究进展,探究其影响规律和作用机理,探寻不同秸秆还田处理方式的适用性。整理归纳了秸秆还田配合不同耕作方式、添加物及预处理和粉碎程度等改善土壤理化性质的研究概况,总结了秸秆改善土壤理化性质作用机理;对比分析了秸秆还田量、埋深、长度和还田方式等对秸秆还田调控水盐运移的影响,探究了秸秆保水控盐的作用机理;总结概述了秸秆还田提升土壤肥力,促进作物增产的研究成果,提出了配施氮肥,加快秸秆腐解和注意土壤初始水肥条件等合理建议;阐述介绍了当前秸秆还田面临的主要问题及其防治措施;最后,在前人的研究基础上提出了秸秆还田实际应用的部分注意事项,并对未来潜在研究方向进行了展望。以期为秸秆资源化利用、盐渍土改良、农业高效生产等方面的研究、应用与决策提供有价值的参考依据。

Straw incorporation is a proven agronomic practice not only for improving water conservation and alleviating soil salinization but also increasing soil fertility and crop yield. This paper reviews the progresses in decades of studies on effects of straw incorporation on physical and biogeochemical properties of soil as well as the consequences for water and salt transport, soil nutrients and crop yield. We also review the side effects of straw incorporation and their mitigations. In particular, we focus on the combined effects of straw incorporation with other agronomic practices including tillage, soil conditioners, pretreatment of straw, and analyze the mechanisms underlying the changes in soil properties in response to these treatments. The effects of the amount of incorporated straw, its buried depth, the way of incorporation on water and salt movement are also analyzed. We discuss the mechanisms underlying the improved water storage and soil desalination, as well as soil fertility and crop yield due to straw incorporation. Several perspectives which deserve further studies are also highlighted, including its combined effect with nitrogen fertilization, accelerating straw decomposition, the impact on soil water and soil nutrients, as well as some detrimental influences and their mitigation. Based on available studies, some points worth attention in practical application of straw incorporation are addressed. This review provides a reference for research and application of straw in crop production.