近代俄国贵族贫困问题

The Poverty Problem of Nobility in Modern Russia

贵族是俄国的特权等级,但贫困却是俄国贵族的长期特征。小领地贵族的大量出现和不断破产,是俄国贵族贫困问题的核心内涵。彼得一世的政策打击了大贵族,促进了部分小贵族的崛起。俄国的领土扩张、特别是瓜分波兰之后,当地的封建主进入俄国贵族等级,大大增加了俄国贫困贵族的数量。到19世纪中期,俄国贵族面临严峻的经济危机。农奴制经济的结构性危机、贵族债务的增加、小领地贵族及其农奴的大幅萎缩,表明贵族的贫困已经成为显著的社会政治顽疾。贵族贫困问题的形成与演变,表明沙皇政策对贵族地产的调节起到了关键作用。俄国贵族的长期贫困并非是贵族衰落的反映,而是贵族等级本身的开放性、农奴制经济的落后性以及缺乏一子继承制的结果。

Nobility was a privileged class of Russia,but poverty was its long-term characteristic.The large number of small estate nobility and their constant bankruptcy were the core connotations of this problem.The policies of Peter I hit the big nobles and promoted the rise of some small nobles.After Russia’s territorial expansion,especially after the partition of Poland,the local feudal lords entered the ranks of Russian nobles,largely increasing the number of impoverished nobles in Russia.In the middle of 19 th century,the Russian nobility faced a severe economic crisis.The fall in grain price,the structural crisis of the serfdom economy,the reduction of nobility estate in the core area,the increase in nobility debt,and the sharp decrease of small estate nobles and their serfs,indicated that the nobility poverty problem had become a significant socio-political stubborn disease.The formation and evolution of the nobility poverty problem showed that the tsarist policy played a key role in the regulation of the nobility estate.The long-term poverty of the Russian nobility was not a reflection of its decline,but the result of the openness of the nobility hierarchy,the backwardness of the serfdom economy,and the lack of primogeniture.